diff --git a/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactions.R b/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactions.R
index c4eaf868..8a455e12 100644
--- a/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactions.R
+++ b/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactions.R
@@ -335,7 +335,8 @@ setMethod("clv.controlflow.predict.new.customer", signature = signature(clv.fitt
     check_err_msg("Parameter newdata has to be output from calling `newcustomer()`!")
   }
 
-  return(drop(clv.model.predict.new.customer(
+  # 1+: Include initial order
+  return(1 + drop(clv.model.predict.new.customer(
     clv.model = clv.fitted@clv.model,
     clv.fitted = clv.fitted,
     clv.newcustomer=clv.newcustomer)))
diff --git a/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactionsdyncov.R b/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactionsdyncov.R
index 9318c968..6f70e5b9 100644
--- a/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactionsdyncov.R
+++ b/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactionsdyncov.R
@@ -107,7 +107,8 @@ setMethod(f = "clv.controlflow.predict.new.customer", signature = signature(clv.
     tp.prediction.end=tp.prediction.end))
 
 
-  return(clv.model.predict.new.customer(
+  # 1+: Include initial order
+  return(1 + clv.model.predict.new.customer(
     clv.model = clv.fitted@clv.model,
     clv.fitted = clv.fitted,
     clv.newcustomer=clv.newcustomer))
diff --git a/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactionsstaticcov.R b/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactionsstaticcov.R
index b21c84d2..1122274c 100644
--- a/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactionsstaticcov.R
+++ b/R/f_generics_clvfittedtransactionsstaticcov.R
@@ -91,7 +91,8 @@ setMethod(f = "clv.controlflow.predict.new.customer", signature = signature(clv.
 
   check_err_msg(check_user_data_predict_newcustomer_staticcov(clv.fitted=clv.fitted, clv.newcustomer=clv.newcustomer))
 
-  return(drop(clv.model.predict.new.customer(
+  # 1+: Include initial order
+  return(1 + drop(clv.model.predict.new.customer(
     clv.model = clv.fitted@clv.model,
     clv.fitted = clv.fitted,
     clv.newcustomer=clv.newcustomer)))
diff --git a/R/f_interface_newcustomer.R b/R/f_interface_newcustomer.R
index f9d05f75..91c6c34d 100644
--- a/R/f_interface_newcustomer.R
+++ b/R/f_interface_newcustomer.R
@@ -4,11 +4,10 @@
 #' @description
 #' The methods documented here are to be used together with
 #' \link[CLVTools:predict.clv.fitted.transactions]{predict (transactions)} to obtain
-#' the expected number of transactions of an average newly alive customer and
+#' the expected number of transactions of an average, yet-to-be acquired customer and
 #' with \link[CLVTools:predict.clv.fitted.spending]{predict (spending)} to obtain
-#' the expected spending of an average newly alive customer.
-#' This prediction is only sensible for (fictional) customers without order history:
-#' Customers which just came alive and have not had the chance to reveal any more of their behavior.
+#' the expected spending of an average yet-to-be acquired customer.
+#' See the \code{Method} subsection in Details for more explanations.
 #'
 #' The methods described here produce the data required as input to
 #' \code{predict(newdata=)} to make this new customer prediction.
@@ -16,16 +15,20 @@
 #' See details for the required format.
 #'
 #' \code{newcustomer()}, \code{newcustomer.static()}, \code{newcustomer.dynamic()}:
-#' To predict the number of transactions a single, fictional, average new customer is expected to make in
-#' the \code{num.periods} periods since making the first transaction ("coming alive").
+#' To predict the number of transactions a single, fictional, average, yet-to-be acquired
+#' customer is expected to make in the first \code{num.periods} periods.
 #'
-#' \code{newcustomer.spending()}: To estimate how much a single, fictional, average
-#' new customer is expected to spend on average per transaction.
+#' \code{newcustomer.spending()}: To estimate how much a single, fictional, average,
+#' yet-to-be acquired customer is expected to spend on average per transaction.
+#' Note that the spending model should be fit with \code{remove.first.transaction=FALSE}
+#' because the spending predictions are also used for the first orders.
 #'
-#' @param num.periods A positive, numeric scalar indicating the number of periods to predict.
+#'
+#'
+#' @param num.periods A positive, numeric scalar indicating the number of periods to predict from the initial transaction.
 #' @param data.cov.life Numeric-only covariate data for the lifetime process for a single customer, \code{data.table} or \code{data.frame}. See details.
 #' @param data.cov.trans Numeric-only covariate data for the transaction process for a single customer, \code{data.table} or \code{data.frame}. See details.
-#' @param first.transaction For dynamic covariate models only: The time point of the first transaction of the customer ("coming alive") for which a prediction is made.
+#' @param first.transaction For dynamic covariate models only: The time point of the first transaction of the customer ("coming alive").
 #' Has to be within the time range of the covariate data.
 #'
 #' @seealso \link[CLVTools:predict.clv.fitted.transactions]{predict (transactions)} to use the output of the methods described here.
@@ -52,14 +55,23 @@
 #' additionally required because the exact covariates that are active during the prediction period have
 #' to be known.
 #'
+#'
+#' \subsection{Method}{
+#' These predictions are for average, prospective customers: Yet-to-be acquired
+#' customers which still have to place their first order.
+#' Therefore, the predicted number of expected orders also includes the initial purchase (1+).
+#' The subsequent orders in the first \code{t} periods are then predicted using the unconditional expectation.
+#' In case of the Pareto/NBD this is
+#'
+#' \deqn{1 + E[X(t)]= 1 + \frac{r \beta}{\alpha (s-1)} \left[  1- \left (\frac{\beta}{\beta+t} \right)^{s-1}  \right].}
+#' }
+#'
 #' @returns
 #' \item{newcustomer()}{An object of class \code{clv.newcustomer.no.cov}}
 #' \item{newcustomer.static()}{An object of class \code{clv.newcustomer.static.cov}}
 #' \item{newcustomer.dynamic()}{An object of class \code{clv.newcustomer.dynamic.cov}}
 #' \item{newcustomer.spending()}{An object of class \code{clv.newcustomer.spending}}
 #'
-#'
-#'
 #' @examples
 #' \donttest{
 #' data("apparelTrans")
@@ -96,7 +108,9 @@
 #'
 #'
 #' # Spending model
-#' gg.apparel <- gg(clv.data.apparel)
+#' # Note: remove.first.transaction=FALSE as the predicted spending will be multiplied
+#' # with the total number of orders that also includes the initial purchase
+#' gg.apparel <- gg(clv.data.apparel, remove.first.transaction=FALSE)
 #' predict(gg.apparel, newdata = newcustomer.spending())
 #'
 #'
diff --git a/man/newcustomer.Rd b/man/newcustomer.Rd
index a156ba82..8b4ab4ee 100644
--- a/man/newcustomer.Rd
+++ b/man/newcustomer.Rd
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ newcustomer.dynamic(
 newcustomer.spending()
 }
 \arguments{
-\item{num.periods}{A positive, numeric scalar indicating the number of periods to predict.}
+\item{num.periods}{A positive, numeric scalar indicating the number of periods to predict from the initial transaction.}
 
 \item{data.cov.life}{Numeric-only covariate data for the lifetime process for a single customer, \code{data.table} or \code{data.frame}. See details.}
 
 \item{data.cov.trans}{Numeric-only covariate data for the transaction process for a single customer, \code{data.table} or \code{data.frame}. See details.}
 
-\item{first.transaction}{For dynamic covariate models only: The time point of the first transaction of the customer ("coming alive") for which a prediction is made.
+\item{first.transaction}{For dynamic covariate models only: The time point of the first transaction of the customer ("coming alive").
 Has to be within the time range of the covariate data.}
 }
 \value{
@@ -39,11 +39,10 @@ Has to be within the time range of the covariate data.}
 \description{
 The methods documented here are to be used together with
 \link[CLVTools:predict.clv.fitted.transactions]{predict (transactions)} to obtain
-the expected number of transactions of an average newly alive customer and
+the expected number of transactions of an average, yet-to-be acquired customer and
 with \link[CLVTools:predict.clv.fitted.spending]{predict (spending)} to obtain
-the expected spending of an average newly alive customer.
-This prediction is only sensible for (fictional) customers without order history:
-Customers which just came alive and have not had the chance to reveal any more of their behavior.
+the expected spending of an average yet-to-be acquired customer.
+See the \code{Method} subsection in Details for more explanations.
 
 The methods described here produce the data required as input to
 \code{predict(newdata=)} to make this new customer prediction.
@@ -51,11 +50,13 @@ This is mostly covariate data for static and dynamic covariate models.
 See details for the required format.
 
 \code{newcustomer()}, \code{newcustomer.static()}, \code{newcustomer.dynamic()}:
-To predict the number of transactions a single, fictional, average new customer is expected to make in
-the \code{num.periods} periods since making the first transaction ("coming alive").
+To predict the number of transactions a single, fictional, average, yet-to-be acquired
+customer is expected to make in the first \code{num.periods} periods.
 
-\code{newcustomer.spending()}: To estimate how much a single, fictional, average
-new customer is expected to spend on average per transaction.
+\code{newcustomer.spending()}: To estimate how much a single, fictional, average,
+yet-to-be acquired customer is expected to spend on average per transaction.
+Note that the spending model should be fit with \code{remove.first.transaction=FALSE}
+because the spending predictions are also used for the first orders.
 }
 \details{
 The covariate data has to contain one column for every covariate parameter in the fitted model. Only numeric values are allowed, no factors or characters.
@@ -77,6 +78,17 @@ See examples.
 For models with dynamic covariates, the time point of the first purchase (\code{first.transaction}) is
 additionally required because the exact covariates that are active during the prediction period have
 to be known.
+
+
+\subsection{Method}{
+These predictions are for average, prospective customers: Yet-to-be acquired
+customers which still have to place their first order.
+Therefore, the predicted number of expected orders also includes the initial purchase (1+).
+The subsequent orders in the first \code{t} periods are then predicted using the unconditional expectation.
+In case of the Pareto/NBD this is
+
+\deqn{1 + E[X(t)]= 1 + \frac{r \beta}{\alpha (s-1)} \left[  1- \left (\frac{\beta}{\beta+t} \right)^{s-1}  \right].}
+}
 }
 \examples{
 \donttest{
@@ -114,7 +126,9 @@ predict(
 
 
 # Spending model
-gg.apparel <- gg(clv.data.apparel)
+# Note: remove.first.transaction=FALSE as the predicted spending will be multiplied
+# with the total number of orders that also includes the initial purchase
+gg.apparel <- gg(clv.data.apparel, remove.first.transaction=FALSE)
 predict(gg.apparel, newdata = newcustomer.spending())
 
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/helper_s3_fitted_plot.R b/tests/testthat/helper_s3_fitted_plot.R
index 936a004b..34a5ff7d 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/helper_s3_fitted_plot.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/helper_s3_fitted_plot.R
@@ -313,6 +313,6 @@ fct.testthat.runability.clvfittedspending.plot <- function(fitted.spending){
     skip_on_cran()
     expect_silent(res.plot.10 <- plot(fitted.spending, n = 10, verbose=FALSE))
     expect_silent(res.plot.20 <- plot(fitted.spending, n = 20, verbose=FALSE))
-    expect_false(isTRUE(all.equal(res.plot.10, res.plot.20)))
+    expect_false(isTRUE(all.equal(res.plot.10@layers, res.plot.20@layers)))
   })
 }
diff --git a/tests/testthat/helper_testthat_correctness_transactions.R b/tests/testthat/helper_testthat_correctness_transactions.R
index 5138b5d6..83ed2673 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/helper_testthat_correctness_transactions.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/helper_testthat_correctness_transactions.R
@@ -218,9 +218,9 @@ fct.testthat.correctness.clvfittedtransactions.staticcov.regularization.lambda.0
 }
 
 fct.testthat.correctness.clvfittedtransactions.nocov.predict.newcustomer.0.for.num.periods.eq.0 <- function(clv.fitted){
-  test_that("nocov: predict newcustomer 0 for t=0", {
+  test_that("nocov: predict newcustomer==1 for t=0", {
     expect_silent(pred <- predict(clv.fitted, newdata=newcustomer(num.periods = 0)))
-    expect_true(pred == 0)
+    expect_true(pred == 1)
   })
 }
 
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ fct.testthat.correctness.clvfittedtransactions.staticcov.predict.newcustomer.dif
 }
 
 fct.testthat.correctness.clvfittedtransactions.staticcov.predict.newcustomer.0.for.num.periods.eq.0 <- function(m.fitted.static){
-  test_that("staticcov: predict(newcustomer) 0 for t=0", {
+  test_that("staticcov: predict(newcustomer)==1 for t=0", {
     df.cov <- fct.helper.default.newcustomer.covdata.static()
     expect_silent(pred <- predict(
       m.fitted.static,
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ fct.testthat.correctness.clvfittedtransactions.staticcov.predict.newcustomer.0.f
         num.periods = 0,
         data.cov.life = df.cov,
         data.cov.trans = df.cov)))
-    expect_true(pred == 0)
+    expect_true(pred == 1)
   })
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test_correctness_pnbd_dyncov.R b/tests/testthat/test_correctness_pnbd_dyncov.R
index e6c494c6..0e50997f 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test_correctness_pnbd_dyncov.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test_correctness_pnbd_dyncov.R
@@ -273,14 +273,14 @@ fct.testthat.correctness.dyncov.predict.newcustomer <- function(){
   p.dyn <- fct.helper.dyncov.quickfit.apparel.data()
   df.cov <- fct.helper.default.newcustomer.covdata.dyncov()
 
-  test_that("dyncov: predict newcustomer 0 for t=0", {
+  test_that("dyncov: predict newcustomer==1 for t=0", {
     expect_silent(pred <- predict(p.dyn, newdata=newcustomer.dynamic(
       num.periods = 0,
       data.cov.life = df.cov,
       data.cov.trans = df.cov,
       first.transaction = "2000-01-04"
       )))
-    expect_equal(pred, 0)
+    expect_equal(pred, 1)
   })
 
   test_that("dyncov predict newcustomer different results for different covs", {