From 4bb33da2d6acad0a47e9d1de0ee349628eb1111a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Byrd <matthew_byrd@apple.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Mar 2026 19:47:19 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] compute ProtocolVersion::supportedVersions once immutably
 to avoid object generation

patch by Matt Byrd; reviewed by  for CASSANDRA-21199
---
 CHANGES.txt                                            |  1 +
 .../apache/cassandra/transport/ProtocolVersion.java    | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGES.txt b/CHANGES.txt
index 6716235022d..b5fdd39f0b2 100644
--- a/CHANGES.txt
+++ b/CHANGES.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 7.0
+ * compute ProtocolVersion::supportedVersions once immutably to avoid object generation (CASSANDRA-21199)
  * Avoid using ObjectUtils.getFirstNonNull in Schema (CASSANDRA-21394)
  * Allow nodetool garbagecollect to take a user defined list of SSTables (CASSANDRA-16767)
  * Add a guardrail for misprepared statements (CASSANDRA-21139)
diff --git a/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/transport/ProtocolVersion.java b/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/transport/ProtocolVersion.java
index 1555e5f558c..7a7e23808c2 100644
--- a/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/transport/ProtocolVersion.java
+++ b/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/transport/ProtocolVersion.java
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Optional;
 
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
 
 import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.FunctionContext;
@@ -73,6 +75,7 @@ public enum ProtocolVersion implements Comparable<ProtocolVersion>, FunctionCont
 
     /** All supported versions, published as an enumset */
     public final static EnumSet<ProtocolVersion> SUPPORTED = EnumSet.copyOf(Arrays.asList(ArrayUtils.addAll(SUPPORTED_VERSIONS)));
+    private final static ImmutableList<String> SUPPORTED_VERSION_STRINGS = SUPPORTED.stream().map(ProtocolVersion::toString).collect(ImmutableList.toImmutableList());
 
     /** Old unsupported versions, this is OK as long as we never add newer unsupported versions */
     public final static EnumSet<ProtocolVersion> UNSUPPORTED = EnumSet.complementOf(SUPPORTED);
@@ -84,12 +87,9 @@ public enum ProtocolVersion implements Comparable<ProtocolVersion>, FunctionCont
     public final static ProtocolVersion CURRENT = V5;
     public final static Optional<ProtocolVersion> BETA = Optional.of(V6);
 
-    public static List<String> supportedVersions()
+    public static ImmutableList<String> supportedVersions()
     {
-        List<String> ret = new ArrayList<>(SUPPORTED.size());
-        for (ProtocolVersion version : SUPPORTED)
-            ret.add(version.toString());
-        return ret;
+        return SUPPORTED_VERSION_STRINGS;
     }
 
     public static List<ProtocolVersion> supportedVersionsStartingWith(ProtocolVersion smallestVersion)

From dd5e61d191f28290c8109cda7eda859f495b79db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Byrd <matthew_byrd@apple.com>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 23:27:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] remove use of java stream api and consequent allocations
 in mutateAtomically avoid array copy when xoring MerkleTree hashes

---
 src/java/org/apache/cassandra/service/StorageProxy.java | 7 +++++--
 src/java/org/apache/cassandra/utils/MerkleTree.java     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/service/StorageProxy.java b/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/service/StorageProxy.java
index 70de57d6be1..4368f6d4fca 100644
--- a/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/service/StorageProxy.java
+++ b/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/service/StorageProxy.java
@@ -1441,8 +1441,11 @@ public static void mutateAtomically(List<Mutation> mutations,
         boolean attributeNonAccordLatency = true;
         long nonAccordEndTime = -1;
 
-        if (mutations.stream().anyMatch(mutation -> Keyspace.open(mutation.getKeyspaceName()).getReplicationStrategy().hasTransientReplicas()))
-            throw new AssertionError("Logged batches are unsupported with transient replication");
+        for (IMutation mutation : mutations)
+        {
+            if (Keyspace.open(mutation.getKeyspaceName()).getReplicationStrategy().hasTransientReplicas())
+                throw new AssertionError("Logged batches are unsupported with transient replication");
+        }
 
         try
         {
diff --git a/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/utils/MerkleTree.java b/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/utils/MerkleTree.java
index b6b0141db16..d5270673ad1 100644
--- a/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/utils/MerkleTree.java
+++ b/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/utils/MerkleTree.java
@@ -1482,7 +1482,7 @@ static byte[] xor(byte[] left, byte[] right)
     {
         assert left.length == right.length;
 
-        byte[] out = Arrays.copyOf(right, right.length);
+        byte[] out = new byte[right.length];
         for (int i = 0; i < left.length; i++)
             out[i] = (byte)((left[i] & 0xFF) ^ (right[i] & 0xFF));
         return out;