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⚡ Power Supply Setup

If using solar power, connect the solar panel to a charge controller and use a voltage regulator (e.g., AMS1117 or 7805) to provide a stable 5V output for the Arduino and components.

For backup power, connect an AC-DC adapter (5V output) that automatically takes over when solar input is low or unavailable. Ensure proper power isolation if needed.

🧩 Wiring Notes

Ensure all components share a common ground with the Arduino. Here's how to wire each module:

🔆 LDR (Light Sensor)

Use a voltage divider with a 10kΩ resistor. Connect:

  • 5V → LDR → Junction
  • Junction → 10kΩ Resistor → GND
  • Junction → D2 (LDR_PIN)

This setup lets D2 read LOW when dark and HIGH when bright.

🌡️ LM35 Temperature Sensor

  • LM35 VCC → 5V
  • LM35 GND → GND
  • LM35 OUT → A3 (THERMISTOR_PIN)

LM35 outputs 10mV/°C. For example, 27°C = ~0.27V.

🚶 PIR Motion Sensor

  • PIR VCC → 5V
  • PIR GND → GND
  • PIR OUT → D4 (PIR_PIN)

Use “H” jumper mode on the PIR for continuous signal while motion persists.

🔌 Relays (LED, Fan, Alarm)

  • Relay IN1 → D8 (LED_RELAY_PIN)
  • Relay IN2 → D9 (FAN_RELAY_PIN)
  • Relay IN3 → D10 (ALARM_RELAY_PIN)
  • Relay VCC → 5V, GND → GND

Connect your high-voltage devices (e.g., bulb, fan, buzzer) to the NO (Normally Open) and COM terminals.

📶 HC-05 Bluetooth Module

  • HC-05 TX → D6 (Arduino RX via SoftwareSerial)
  • HC-05 RX → Voltage Divider → D7 (Arduino TX)
  • VCC → 5V, GND → GND

Voltage Divider for HC-05 RX (to drop 5V TX signal to ~3.3V):

Arduino TX --- 1kΩ ---+--- 2kΩ --- GND
                      |
                   HC-05 RX

This prevents damage to the HC-05's 3.3V logic input pin.

🔌 Pin Connections

Component Arduino Pin Notes
LDR D2 (Digital) Use with voltage divider; LOW when dark
LM35 Temperature Sensor A3 (Analog) Middle pin to A3; VCC & GND to 5V/GND
PIR Motion Sensor D4 (Digital) OUT to D4; requires 5V and GND
Relay (LED) D8 IN pin of relay module
Relay (Fan) D9 IN pin of relay module
Relay (Alarm) D10 IN pin of relay module
Bluetooth HC-05 D6 (RX), D7 (TX) Use voltage divider on HC-05 RX

Note: Connect all VCCs to 5V and all GNDs to common ground.