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<p>由于Unbinilium的<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/Unbinilium/Twist">Twist</a>脚本长时间不更新且已删库，想自己维护但确实不太会写shell脚本，只好把他脚本里的内容一步步写下来，当作日记，也方便自己日后使用。</p>
<h2 id="前置准备"><a href="#前置准备" class="headerlink" title="前置准备"></a>前置准备</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在tmp目录操作</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cd</span> /tmp</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建备份目录</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">sudo</span> <span class="built_in">mkdir</span> /etc/twist</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 文件格式：filename.old-$(date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">sudo</span> apt update</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">sudo</span> apt upgrade</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># wget、curl下载可执行文件，git下载仓库</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># nginx用于伪装，fail2ban用来ban恶意IP</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 其他都是一些编译、运行依赖的，或者是一些实用工具</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">sudo</span> apt install -y wget gawk grep curl sed git gcc swig gettext autoconf automake make libtool perl cpio xmlto asciidoc cron net-tools dnsutils rng-tools libc-ares-dev libev-dev openssl libssl-dev zlib1g-dev libpcre3-dev libevent-dev build-essential python3-dev python3-pip python3-setuptools python3-qrcode nginx fail2ban </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 检测并获取服务器的出口网卡名称</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ETH="$(route | grep '^default' | grep -o '[^ ]*$')"</span></span><br><span class="line">route | grep <span class="string">'^default'</span> | grep -o <span class="string">'[^ ]*$'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># eth0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 没有就再执行</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ETH="$(ip -4 route list 0/0 | grep -Po '(?<=dev )(\S+)')"</span></span><br><span class="line">ip -4 route list 0/0 | grep -Po <span class="string">'(?<=dev )(\S+)'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># eth0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看eth0网卡当前状态</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cat</span> /sys/class/net/eth0/operstate</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># up/down</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 获取服务器公网IPv4地址</span></span><br><span class="line">dig @resolver1.opendns.com -t A -4 myip.opendns.com +short</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看是否有IPv6地址</span></span><br><span class="line">ip -6 addr show eth0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 获取服务器公网IPv6地址</span></span><br><span class="line">curl -s diagnostic.opendns.com/myip</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 获取mtu数值</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cat</span> /sys/class/net/eth0/mtu</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 一般是1500，如果没有输出，后面就把mtu设置为1492</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<p>工作依赖Win7共享文件夹，经常抽风死机，需要人工手动重启。想要将其迁移至Ubuntu。</p>
<p>后话：实践证明，ntfs挂载方式+wps linux办公会很慢，不合适。另外，wps linux居然不支持emoji</p>
<h2 id="安装Samba"><a href="#安装Samba" class="headerlink" title="安装Samba"></a>安装Samba</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">sudo</span> apt install samba</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="创建共享目录"><a href="#创建共享目录" class="headerlink" title="创建共享目录"></a>创建共享目录</h2><h3 id="找到磁盘"><a href="#找到磁盘" class="headerlink" title="找到磁盘"></a>找到磁盘</h3><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">sudo</span> fdisk -l</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果是Linux的ext4文件系统</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Disk /dev/sda：931.51 GiB，1000204886016 字节，1953525168 个扇区</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 磁盘型号：WDC WD10SPZX-22Z</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 单元：扇区 / 1 * 512 = 512 字节</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 扇区大小(逻辑/物理)：512 字节 / 4096 字节</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># I/O 大小(最小/最佳)：4096 字节 / 4096 字节</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 磁盘标签类型：gpt</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 磁盘标识符：F22FBE2A-71CB-4618-B90B-C7E4928AFDE5</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 设备 起点 末尾 扇区 大小 类型</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># /dev/sda1 2048 1953523711 1953521664 931.5G Linux 文件系统</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果是Windows的NTFS文件系统</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Disk /dev/sda：931.51 GiB，1000204886016 字节，1953525168 个扇区</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 磁盘型号：WDC WD10SPZX-22Z</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 单元：扇区 / 1 * 512 = 512 字节</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 扇区大小(逻辑/物理)：512 字节 / 4096 字节</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># I/O 大小(最小/最佳)：4096 字节 / 4096 字节</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 磁盘标签类型：dos</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 磁盘标识符：0xd88aa425</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 设备 启动 起点 末尾 扇区 大小 Id 类型</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># /dev/sda1 2048 1953523711 1953521664 931.5G f W95 扩展 (LBA)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># /dev/sda5 4096 1953523711 1953519616 931.5G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>记录该设备ID</p>
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<p>简单讲解下树莓派5安装Android的过程</p>
<h2 id="安装LineageOS"><a href="#安装LineageOS" class="headerlink" title="安装LineageOS"></a>安装LineageOS</h2><h3 id="下载"><a href="#下载" class="headerlink" title="下载"></a>下载</h3><p>从KonstaKANG下载当前最新版的<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://konstakang.com/devices/rpi5/LineageOS22/">LineageOS 22.2 (Android 15) for Raspberry Pi 5</a></p>
<p><img src="/images/konstakang-lineageos.png" alt="KonstaKANG-LineageOS"></p>
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<h2 id="数据协议"><a href="#数据协议" class="headerlink" title="数据协议"></a>数据协议</h2><h3 id="socks5"><a href="#socks5" class="headerlink" title="socks5"></a>socks5</h3><h4 id="握手阶段"><a href="#握手阶段" class="headerlink" title="握手阶段"></a>握手阶段</h4><figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// client send</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// +----+----------+----------+</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// |VER | NMETHODS | METHODS |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// +----+----------+----------+</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// | 1 | 1 | 1 to 255 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// +----+----------+----------+</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// </span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>客户端发起握手请求，数据格式如上图所示，具体如下</p>
<ul>
<li>VER：固定0x05，表示socks5协议</li>
<li>NMETHODS：表示支持认证的方法数量，也是后面的METHODS字段占用的字节数</li>
<li>METHODS：认证方法列表，一个协议占用一个字节，其中一些常见的协议如下<ul>
<li>0x00：不需要认证</li>
<li>0x01：GSSAPI</li>
<li>0x02：用户名、密码认证</li>
<li>0x03~0x7F：保留</li>
<li>0x80~0xFE：私有</li>
<li>0xFF：无可接受的方法</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// server send</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// +----+--------+</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// |VER | METHOD |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// +----+--------+</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// | 1 | 1 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// +----+--------+</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>服务端响应内容如上图所示，具体如下</p>
<ul>
<li>VER：固定0x01</li>
<li>METHOD：认证方法，在shadowsocks源码里，选择0x00-不需要认证</li>
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<p>go的垃圾回收原理官方说法是是三色标记法+混合写屏障，但是，理论上怎么说是一回事，具体实现又是另一回事了，或者说实现已经偏离文档描述。总的来说，GC这部份的内容要比GMP跟内存分配都要复杂的多且出人意料。当前go版本：1.24</p>
<h2 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h2><h3 id="目标对象"><a href="#目标对象" class="headerlink" title="目标对象"></a>目标对象</h3><p>Go的GC并不扫描整个内存，只关注以下区域：</p>
<ol>
<li>heap上分配的对象（在mspan管理范围）</li>
<li>data/bss段的全局变量</li>
<li>栈上的引用（扫描stackRoots）</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="触发类型"><a href="#触发类型" class="headerlink" title="触发类型"></a>触发类型</h3><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">触发类型</th>
<th align="left">备注</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left">gcTriggerHeap</td>
<td align="left">堆大小触发，heap内存达到一个临界点触发（最常用）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">gcTriggerTime</td>
<td align="left">时间触发，超时2min未执行GC则强制执行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">gcTriggerCycle</td>
<td align="left">手动触发，用户调用runtime.GC()</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="角色-分工"><a href="#角色-分工" class="headerlink" title="角色/分工"></a>角色/分工</h3><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>角色</th>
<th>作用</th>
<th>工作阶段</th>
<th>备注</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>Mark Worker（标记工作线程）</td>
<td>遍历对象图，标记存活对象，防止被错误回收</td>
<td>标记阶段（Marking）</td>
<td>运行时创建多个并发 Mark Worker，加快标记速度</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sweeper（清扫器）</td>
<td>清理未标记的对象，将其内存释放回空闲列表（mheap.free）</td>
<td>清扫阶段（Sweeping）</td>
<td>逐步清理，避免一次性 STW（Stop The World）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Scavenger（内存回收器）</td>
<td>释放长期未使用的堆内存，归还给OS以减少RSS</td>
<td>后台运行（定期触发）</td>
<td>主要针对大对象或空闲mspans，减少物理内存占用</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><strong>标记工作线程</strong></p>
<p>其中，标记工作线程的会根据工作模式进一步区分，如下</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">标记工作线程模式</th>
<th align="left">备注</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left">gcMarkWorkerNotWorker</td>
<td align="left">默认，未运行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">gcMarkWorkerDedicatedMode</td>
<td align="left">专用标记任务，最高优先级，非抢占</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">gcMarkWorkerFractionalMode</td>
<td align="left">比例标记任务，跟其他g共享时间，可被抢占</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">gcMarkWorkerIdleMode</td>
<td align="left">空闲时执行的低优先级标记任务，需要p空闲</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><strong>CPU限制</strong></p>
<p>标记工作线程的CPU使用率被限制在25%（GOGC=100时），假设系统使用一个6核CPU，那么GC在标记阶段大约会使用1.5个CPU资源：</p>
<ol>
<li>1个CPU由Dedicated（专用模式）的标记工作线程持续占用，该线程不允许抢占，直到标记任务完成</li>
<li>0.5个CPU由Fractional（比例模式）的标记工作线程使用，该线程仅在由额外CPU资源可用时运行，并会根据系统负责动态调整自身的CPU使用率</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="完整运行流程"><a href="#完整运行流程" class="headerlink" title="完整运行流程"></a>完整运行流程</h3><ol>
<li><p>Sweep Termination（清理终止）</p>
<ul>
<li>STW（Stop The World），确保所有P都达到GC安全点</li>
<li>完成上一轮GC未完成的sweep（清扫），回收剩余的的mspan</li>
<li>准备GC统计数据，为新一轮的GC计算目标heap大小、触发阈值等</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Mark（标记）</p>
<ul>
<li>STW，切换GC状态<ul>
<li>gcphase从_GCoff切换到_GCmark</li>
<li>开启写屏障（write barrier），允许Mutator协助GC标记，以维护三色标记不变性</li>
<li>启动GC后台线程，执行并发标记任务</li>
<li>根对象入队（包括栈、全局变量）</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>恢复世界（Start The World），GC线程进入并发标记阶段<ul>
<li>从根对象开始标记，遍历所有可达对象</li>
<li>扫描灰色对象（已发现但未完全扫描的对象）并进行扫描，将其置黑，并将其引用的对象入队为灰色</li>
<li>混合写屏障（Hybrid Write Barrier）确保一致性</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>完成标记</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Mark Termination（标记终止）</p>
<ul>
<li>STW，切换GC状态<ul>
<li>gcphase从_GCmark切换到_GCmarktermination</li>
<li>停止并发标记任务</li>
<li>执行终结器finalizer，如果有的话</li>
<li>清理mcache以确保没有悬挂对象</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Sweep（清理）</p>
<ul>
<li>切换GC状态<ul>
<li>gcphase从_GCmarktermination切换回_GCoff</li>
<li>关闭写屏障（Mutator不再协助GC标记）</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>恢复世界（Start The World），进入并发清扫阶段<ul>
<li>清理未被标记的对象</li>
<li>回收mspan到mheap或mcentral，部份回收到mcache</li>
<li>Mutator分配内存时，可能会触发增量清扫（Incremental Sweeping），加快回收过程</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>满足触发条件，启动下一轮GC</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>简单的说，标记然后清扫</p>
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<p>golang的内存分配机制最初是基于TCMalloc，演化至今已经有了很大差异。其原理是：slab + tiling algorithm + 层级内存分配。本文仅介绍如何通过mallocgc分配内存，不涉及栈内存分配管理、手动内存管理等内容。当前go版本：1.24</p>
<h2 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h2><h3 id="slab-tiling"><a href="#slab-tiling" class="headerlink" title="slab + tiling"></a>slab + tiling</h3><p>内存分配基本单位-mspan（即slab），内部再划分更小的块（即tiling）</p>
<p>小对象（<=32KB）按预定义的sizeclass分成不同的mspan，每个mspan最低有8KB，切割成指定大小的块。而大对象（>32KB）的sizeclass=0，不限制大小，mspan不分块。如下</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// mspann -> sizeclass=0 -> nKB -> | <----- nKB -----> |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// mspanx -> sizeclass=1 -> 8KB -> | 8B | 8B | ... | 8B |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// mspany -> sizeclass=5 -> 8KB -> | 48B | 48B | ... | 48B |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// mspanz -> sizeclass=65 -> 80KB</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>如<code>make([]int, 5)</code>，创建一块40B大小的内存区域，经过计算这个内存块会从sizeclass=5的mspan分配（该mspan的每个元素大小为48B）</p>
<h3 id="层级内存分配"><a href="#层级内存分配" class="headerlink" title="层级内存分配"></a>层级内存分配</h3><p>参考TCMalloc，内存分配时主要分为3级：mcache、mcentral、mheap</p>
<ol>
<li>mcache为线程缓存，每个p都有一个，所有的内存分配/回收都是先通过mcache，访问不需要加锁</li>
<li>mcentral负责向mheap申请分配内存、管理mspan，按spanclass分组，嵌入到mheap结构体，全局唯一</li>
<li>mheap负责从系统申请内存进行分配管理，一般情况下访问都要加锁，全局唯一</li>
</ol>
<p>执行mallocgc分配内存时，mheap、mcentral、mcache的关系如下</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// mallocgc</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// | (<=32KB)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// |--> p.mcache.alloc[spanclass] --> mheap.central[spanclass] --> mheap</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// | (>32KB)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// |--> mheap</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>如果对象<=32KB<ul>
<li>从p的mcache找一个空闲的mspan分配一段内存/地址空间</li>
<li>如果mspan没有空闲空间，从mcentral申请一个新的/重用一个已清扫的mspan</li>
<li>如果mcentral也没有可用mspan，通过mheap跟OS申请一段内存，初始化一个mspan返回</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>如果对象>32KB<ul>
<li>通过mheap跟OS申请一段内存，初始化一个mspan返回</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="系统内存状态"><a href="#系统内存状态" class="headerlink" title="系统内存状态"></a>系统内存状态</h3><p>这里需要了解系统内存的几个状态，以及go内部是如何从系统分配、释放内存的</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>状态</th>
<th>含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td><strong>None</strong></td>
<td>默认状态，未映射，地址空间未被保留或使用</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Reserved</strong></td>
<td>已保留，但未提交，即地址空间已经被申请，但尚未向操作系统请求实际物理内存</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Prepared</strong></td>
<td>已提交但未使用，已经向操作系统申请了物理内存，但可能未完全初始化</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Ready</strong></td>
<td>可用状态，内存已初始化，可用于分配</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>状态转换函数</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">函数</th>
<th align="left">主要作用</th>
<th align="left">是否分配物理内存</th>
<th align="left">是否映射虚拟内存</th>
<th align="left">内存状态转换</th>
<th align="left">备注</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left"><code>sysAlloc</code></td>
<td align="left"><strong>直接申请内存</strong></td>
<td align="left">✅ 是</td>
<td align="left">✅ 是</td>
<td align="left">None -> Ready</td>
<td align="left">可能会触发 <code>mmap</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>sysReserve</code></td>
<td align="left"><strong>保留虚拟地址空间，但不映射</strong></td>
<td align="left">❌ 否</td>
<td align="left">✅ 是</td>
<td align="left">None -> Reserved</td>
<td align="left">预留地址，后续 <code>sysMap</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>sysMap</code></td>
<td align="left"><strong>将预留的虚拟地址映射为实际物理内存</strong></td>
<td align="left">✅ 是</td>
<td align="left">✅ 是</td>
<td align="left">Reserved -> Prepared</td>
<td align="left">只有 <code>sysReserve</code> 过的地址能 <code>sysMap</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>sysUsed</code></td>
<td align="left"><strong>标记某段地址正在使用</strong></td>
<td align="left">✅ 是</td>
<td align="left">✅ 是</td>
<td align="left">Prepared -> Ready</td>
<td align="left">可能会触发 <code>madvise</code> 让物理页生效</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>sysUnused</code></td>
<td align="left"><strong>标记某段地址未使用</strong>，可以回收物理内存</td>
<td align="left">⚠️ 可能</td>
<td align="left">❌ 否</td>
<td align="left">Ready -> Prepared</td>
<td align="left"><code>MADV_DONTNEED</code>，内存仍属于进程</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>sysFault</code></td>
<td align="left"><strong>让一段地址变成不可访问</strong></td>
<td align="left">❌ 否</td>
<td align="left">✅ 是</td>
<td align="left">Ready -> Reserved</td>
<td align="left"><code>mprotect(PROT_NONE)</code>，用于调试</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>sysFree</code></td>
<td align="left"><strong>释放虚拟内存，归还给 OS</strong></td>
<td align="left">✅ 是</td>
<td align="left">✅ 是</td>
<td align="left">-> None</td>
<td align="left"><code>munmap</code>，这段内存不能再用</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><strong>我对Go内存分配的理解</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>内存管理的本质是地址空间的组织和维护</li>
<li>Go的内存策略：尽量保留虚拟地址，按需释放物理页</li>