feat: add count distinct elements in window algorithm (#7463)

* feat: add count distinct elements in window algorithm

* feat: add CountDistinctElementsInWindow

* fix: address CI issues

Author: SyedAbd110786

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/slidingwindow/CountDistinctElementsInWindow.java

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.slidingwindow;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Counts the number of distinct elements in every window of size k.
+ *
+ * @see <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/count-distinct-elements-in-every-window-of-size-k/">Reference</a>
+ */
+public final class CountDistinctElementsInWindow {
+
+    private CountDistinctElementsInWindow() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array where each element is the count of distinct
+     * elements in the corresponding window of size k.
+     *
+     * @param arr the input array
+     * @param k   the window size
+     * @return array of distinct element counts per window
+     */
+    public static int[] countDistinct(int[] arr, int k) {
+        if (arr == null || arr.length == 0 || k <= 0 || k > arr.length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid input");
+        }
+
+        int n = arr.length;
+        int[] result = new int[n - k + 1];
+        Map<Integer, Integer> freqMap = new HashMap<>();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
+            freqMap.merge(arr[i], 1, Integer::sum);
+        }
+        result[0] = freqMap.size();
+
+        for (int i = k; i < n; i++) {
+            freqMap.merge(arr[i], 1, Integer::sum);
+
+            int outgoing = arr[i - k];
+
+            Integer count = freqMap.get(outgoing);
+            if (count != null) {
+                if (count == 1) {
+                    freqMap.remove(outgoing);
+                } else {
+                    freqMap.put(outgoing, count - 1);
+                }
+            }
+
+            result[i - k + 1] = freqMap.size();
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+}

src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/slidingwindow/CountDistinctElementsInWindowTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.slidingwindow;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+public class CountDistinctElementsInWindowTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicCase() {
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {3, 2, 2}, CountDistinctElementsInWindow.countDistinct(new int[] {1, 2, 3, 2, 3}, 3));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAllSame() {
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1, 1, 1}, CountDistinctElementsInWindow.countDistinct(new int[] {2, 2, 2, 2}, 2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAllDistinct() {
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {3, 3}, CountDistinctElementsInWindow.countDistinct(new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4}, 3));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWindowSizeEqualsArray() {
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {4}, CountDistinctElementsInWindow.countDistinct(new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4}, 4));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInvalidInput() {
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> CountDistinctElementsInWindow.countDistinct(new int[] {}, 2));
+    }
+}