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+# Build Time Optimization
+
+Tracking issue: [#3575](https://github.com/ROCm/composable_kernel/issues/3575)
+
+This document describes techniques for reducing C++ template instantiation overhead in the Composable Kernel codebase.
+
+## Why Build Time Matters
+
+Composable Kernel relies heavily on C++ template metaprogramming to achieve GPU kernels with no runtime abstraction penalty. However, deep template instantiation can significantly impact build times. A single translation unit may trigger hundreds of thousands of template instantiations, with each instantiation adding to compile time.
+
+## Optimization Techniques
+
+### 1. Replace Recursive Templates with Pack Expansion
+
+Recursive template patterns create O(N) instantiation depth - the compiler must instantiate each level before proceeding to the next:
+
+```
+sequence_gen_impl<5, F>
+  → sequence_gen_impl<4, F>
+    → sequence_gen_impl<3, F>
+      → ...
+```
+
+Using `__make_integer_seq` (Clang/MSVC) combined with pack expansion reduces this to constant depth - the compiler generates the entire sequence in one step internally, without recursive template instantiation.
+
+**Before** (O(N) recursive instantiation):
+
+```cpp
+template <index_t N, typename F, index_t... Is>
+struct sequence_gen_impl
+{
+    using type = typename sequence_gen_impl<N-1, F, F{}(Number<N-1>{}), Is...>::type;
+};
+
+template <typename F, index_t... Is>
+struct sequence_gen_impl<0, F, Is...>
+{
+    using type = Sequence<Is...>;
+};
+```
+
+**After** (constant depth using compiler intrinsic + pack expansion):
+
+```cpp
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T, T... Is>
+struct sequence_gen_helper
+{
+    // Apply functor F to all indices via pack expansion
+    // F{}(Number<0>{}), F{}(Number<1>{}), ..., F{}(Number<N-1>{})
+    template <typename F>
+    using apply = Sequence<F{}(Number<Is>{})...>;
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <index_t N, typename F>
+struct sequence_gen
+{
+    // __make_integer_seq<sequence_gen_helper, index_t, N> produces
+    // sequence_gen_helper<index_t, 0, 1, ..., N-1> with constant depth
+    using type =
+        typename __make_integer_seq<detail::sequence_gen_helper, index_t, N>::template apply<F>;
+};
+```
+
+Note: While `std::make_integer_sequence` is the standard C++14 way to generate integer sequences, it only produces `std::integer_sequence<T, ...>`. We use `__make_integer_seq` directly because it accepts any template as its first argument, enabling this pattern where the helper class receives the index pack directly.
+
+### 2. Replace Lambdas with Named Functors
+
+Each lambda expression creates a unique closure type, causing separate template instantiations at every call site. Named functors share a single type across all uses.
+
+**Before** (lambda creates unique instantiations at each call site):
+
+```cpp
+// The lambda inside transform_tensor_descriptor:
+generate_tuple([](auto i) { return Sequence<i>{}; }, Number<N>{});
+```
+
+**After** (named functor shares instantiations):
+
+```cpp
+// Define functor once
+struct generate_identity_sequence
+{
+    template <index_t I>
+    __host__ __device__ constexpr auto operator()(Number<I>) const
+    {
+        return Sequence<I>{};
+    }
+};
+
+// Use everywhere - shares instantiations
+generate_tuple(generate_identity_sequence{}, Number<N>{});
+```
+
+This reduced `transform_tensor_descriptor` instantiations from 388 to 32 (92% reduction).
+
+**Example: container_concat**
+
+```cpp
+// Before: lambda creates unique type per call site
+// (unpack2 applies a functor to all elements from both tuples)
+template <typename... X, typename... Y>
+__host__ __device__ constexpr auto container_concat(const Tuple<X...>& tx, const Tuple<Y...>& ty)
+{
+    return unpack2([](auto&&... zs) { return make_tuple(forward<decltype(zs)>(zs)...); }, tx, ty);
+}
+
+// After: named functor shares instantiations
+struct make_tuple_functor
+{
+    template <typename... Ts>
+    __host__ __device__ constexpr auto operator()(Ts&&... xs) const
+    {
+        return make_tuple(forward<Ts>(xs)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename... X, typename... Y>
+__host__ __device__ constexpr auto container_concat(const Tuple<X...>& tx, const Tuple<Y...>& ty)
+{
+    return unpack2(make_tuple_functor{}, tx, ty);
+}
+```
+
+This reduced `container_concat` instantiations from 186 to 93 (50% reduction).
+
+**Example: make_uniform_tuple**
+
+For patterns that create tuples with repeated values:
+
+```cpp
+// Before: unique lambda type at each call site
+generate_tuple([](auto) { return some_value; }, Number<N>{});
+
+// After: dedicated helper function
+template <index_t N, typename T>
+__host__ __device__ constexpr auto make_uniform_tuple(T&& value)
+{
+    return detail::make_uniform_tuple_impl(static_cast<T&&>(value), make_index_sequence<N>{});
+}
+
+// Usage
+make_uniform_tuple<N>(some_value);
+```
+
+### 3. Use Constexpr Loops Instead of Template Recursion
+
+Template recursion creates N template instantiations for N iterations. A constexpr loop executes at compile time but only requires a single template instantiation. While both are O(N) in complexity, constexpr loops are significantly faster because they avoid the overhead of template instantiation.
+
+**Before** (O(N) template instantiations):
+
+```cpp
+template <index_t Target, typename Seq, index_t Pos>
+struct find_source_index_impl
+{
+    static constexpr index_t value =
+        (Seq::template At<Pos>() == Target) ? Pos : find_source_index_impl<Target, Seq, Pos+1>::value;
+};
+```
+
+**After** (single instantiation with constexpr loop):
+
+```cpp
+template <index_t Target, index_t... Is>
+__host__ __device__ constexpr index_t find_source_index(Sequence<Is...>)
+{
+    constexpr index_t values[] = {Is...};
+    for(index_t i = 0; i < sizeof...(Is); ++i)
+        if(values[i] == Target) return i;
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+This reduced `sequence_map_inverse` instantiations from 45 to 10 (78% reduction) and wall-clock time by 95%.
+
+### 4. Use Fold Expressions for Accumulation
+
+Fold expressions (C++17) can replace recursive template patterns for accumulation operations.
+
+**Before** (implicit recursion through generate_tuple and container_reduce):
+
+```cpp
+const auto element_space_size = container_reduce(
+    generate_tuple([&](auto i) {
+        return (lengths[i] - I1) * strides[i];
+    }, Number<N>{}),
+    math::plus{}, LongNumber<1>{});
+```
+
+**After** (single fold expression):
+
+```cpp
+template <typename... Lengths, typename... Strides, index_t... Is>
+__host__ __device__ constexpr auto compute_element_space_size(
+    const Tuple<Lengths...>& lengths,
+    const Tuple<Strides...>& strides,
+    Sequence<Is...>)
+{
+    return (LongNumber<1>{} + ... +
+            ((lengths[Number<Is>{}] - Number<1>{}) * strides[Number<Is>{}]));
+}
+```
+
+This reduced `calculate_element_space_size` instantiations from 24 to 10 (58% reduction) and wall-clock time by 73%.