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\citation{garfield_citation_1955,de_solla_price_networks_1965,newman_structure_2001,Shi:2010:CHI:1816123.1816131,patience_pmid28560354,stigler_1994}
\citation{small_co-citation_1973,marshakova-shaikevich_co-citation_1973,boyack_co-citation_2010,10.3389/frma.2018.00020}
\citation{uzzi_atypical_2013}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{Introduction}{1}{section*.2}}
\citation{wallace_lariviere_gingras_2012,moed_measuring_2010,klavans_research_2017,garfield_1979}
\citation{stringer_statistical_2010,perline_strong_2005}
\citation{boyack_vs_uzzi_2014}
\citation{Keserci371955}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{Materials and Methods}{3}{section*.3}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{Bibliographic data}{3}{section*.4}}
\citation{uzzi_atypical_2013}
\citation{GithubERNIE2019}
\citation{uzzi_atypical_2013}
\citation{boyack_vs_uzzi_2014}
\newlabel{tab:summary_data}{{1}{4}{Summary of base WoS Analytical data set. Only publications of type Article with at least two references and references with complete publication data were selected for this data set. The number of unique publications of type Article, unique references (ur), total references (tr), and the ratio of total references to unique references increases monotonically with each year indicating that both the number of documents and citation activity increase over time}{table.1}{}}
\newlabel{tab:disc-data sets}{{2}{4}{Disciplinary data sets. PubMed and WoS were searched for articles using search terms, `immunology', `metabolism', and `applied physics.' Counts of publications are shown for each of the three years analyzed and expressed in parentheses as a percentage of the total number of publications in our analytical WoS data set (Table \ref {tab:summary_data}) for that year. Note that Applied Physics and Immunology each represent about 4\% of the publications in WoS, but Metabolism occupies nearly one-fourth of WoS}{table.2}{}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{Monte Carlo simulations, normalization of observed frequencies, annotations, and `hit' papers}{4}{section*.5}}
\citation{uzzi_atypical_2013}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{Results}{5}{section*.6}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{Model Misspecification and the Attributes of Disciplinary Context}{5}{section*.7}}
\citation{wallace_lariviere_gingras_2012}
\citation{seewave2008}
\citation{seewave2008}
\citation{kullback_information_1951}
\newlabel{fig:be}{{1}{7}{Citation shuffling using the local network preserves the disciplinary composition of references within networks, but using the global network does not. Publications of type Article belonging to the three disciplinary networks (ap=applied physics, imm=immunology, and metab=metabolism) were subject to a single shuffle of all their cited references using either the local network (i.e., the cited references in these networks, denoted bg\_local) or the global network (i.e., references from all articles in WoS, denoted bg\_WoS) as the source of allowed substitutions, where ``bg" indicates the disciplinary network. Citation shuffling was performed using either our algorithm (\emph {repcs}, top row) or that of Uzzi et al.~(\emph {umsj}, bottom row). The disciplinary composition of cited references before and after shuffling was measured as frequencies for each of 153 sub-disciplines (from the extended subject classification in WoS) and expressed as a fold difference between citation counts grouped by subject for original (o) and shuffled (s) references using the formula (fold\_difference = $ifelse(o > s, o/s, s/o)$) and rounded to the nearest integer. A fold difference of $1$ indicates that citation shuffling did not alter disciplinary composition. Data are shown for articles published in 1985. All eight boxplots are generated from 153 observations each. Null values were set to $1$. Note y-axis: $log_2$ scale}{figure.1}{}}
\newlabel{tab:kld}{{3}{8}{Model misspecification is reduced by constraining substitutions to the local disciplinary networks. We computed Kullback-Leibler (K-L) divergences between empirical and simulated journal pair frequencies using two different background networks (local versus global) for each disciplinary network (applied physics, immunology, and metabolism) for the years 1985, 1995, and 2005. K-L divergence was calculated using the R seewave package \citep {seewave2008}. For every disciplinary network, there is a smaller K-L divergence between simulated and observed data when using the local network (i.e., the disciplinary network) as compared to the global network (all of WoS). Put differently, model misspecification is reduced in the constrained model compared to the unconstrained model}{table.3}{}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{Calculation of Novelty and Conventionality using the constrained model}{8}{section*.8}}
\newlabel{fig:Fig2}{{2}{9}{Effect of using the improved model on categorical hit rates for Immunology, Applied Physics, and WoS for 1995. Panels (a) and (b) show hit rates for the LNLC, LNHC, HNLC, and HNHC categories for the applied physics, immunology, metabolism, and WoS data sets when hit articles are defined as the top 1\% and top 10\% of articles, respectively. Novelty in both panels is defined at the 10th percentile of articles' z-score distributions. The results for the WoS data set also show that the highest hit rate is for the HNHC category. Results for the three disciplinary networks all differ from the overall WoS results: the highest hit rates for the immunology and metabolism data sets are in the LNHC category and the highest hit rate for the applied physics data sets are in the HNLC category. The number of data points in the applied physics, immunology, metabolism, and WoS data sets are 18,305, 21,917, 97,405, and 476,288, respectively}{figure.2}{}}
\citation{wallace_lariviere_gingras_2012}
\citation{hicks_bibliometrics:_2015}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{Discussion}{11}{section*.9}}
\citation{uzzi_atypical_2013}
\citation{GithubERNIE2019}
\bibdata{cocit_r}
\bibcite{boyack_co-citation_2010}{{1}{{\APACyear {2010}}}{{Boyack\ \BBA  {} Klavans}}{{Boyack\ \BBA  {} Klavans}}}
\bibcite{boyack_vs_uzzi_2014}{{2}{{\APACyear {2014}}}{{Boyack\ \BBA  {} Klavans}}{{Boyack\ \BBA  {} Klavans}}}
\bibcite{de_solla_price_networks_1965}{{3}{{\APACyear {1965}}}{{de Solla~Price}}{{de Solla~Price}}}
\bibcite{garfield_citation_1955}{{4}{{\APACyear {1955}}}{{Garfield}}{{Garfield}}}
\bibcite{garfield_1979}{{5}{{\APACyear {1979}}}{{Garfield}}{{Garfield}}}
\bibcite{hicks_bibliometrics:_2015}{{6}{{\APACyear {2015}}}{{Hicks\ \BOthers {.}}}{{Hicks, Wouters, Waltman, de Rijcke,{}\ \BBA  {} Rafols}}}
\bibcite{Keserci371955}{{7}{{\APACyear {2018}}}{{Keserci\ \BOthers {.}}}{{Keserci, Davey, Pico, Korobskiy,{}\ \BBA  {} Chacko}}}
\bibcite{klavans_research_2017}{{8}{{\APACyear {2017}}}{{Klavans\ \BBA  {} Boyack}}{{Klavans\ \BBA  {} Boyack}}}
\bibcite{GithubERNIE2019}{{9}{{\APACyear {2019}}}{{Korobskiy\ \BOthers {.}}}{{Korobskiy, Davey, Liu, Devarakonda,{}\ \BBA  {} Chacko}}}
\bibcite{kullback_information_1951}{{10}{{\APACyear {1951}}}{{Kullback\ \BBA  {} Leibler}}{{Kullback\ \BBA  {} Leibler}}}
\bibcite{marshakova-shaikevich_co-citation_1973}{{11}{{\APACyear {1973}}}{{Marshakova-Shaikevich}}{{Marshakova-Shaikevich}}}
\bibcite{moed_measuring_2010}{{12}{{\APACyear {2010}}}{{Moed}}{{Moed}}}
\bibcite{newman_structure_2001}{{13}{{\APACyear {2001}}}{{Newman}}{{Newman}}}
\bibcite{patience_pmid28560354}{{14}{{\APACyear {2017}}}{{Patience\ \BOthers {.}}}{{Patience, Patience, Blais,{}\ \BBA  {} Bertrand}}}
\bibcite{perline_strong_2005}{{15}{{\APACyear {2005}}}{{Perline}}{{Perline}}}
\bibcite{Shi:2010:CHI:1816123.1816131}{{16}{{\APACyear {2010}}}{{Shi\ \BOthers {.}}}{{Shi, Leskovec,{}\ \BBA  {} McFarland}}}
\bibcite{small_co-citation_1973}{{17}{{\APACyear {1973}}}{{Small}}{{Small}}}
\bibcite{stigler_1994}{{18}{{\APACyear {1994}}}{{Stigler}}{{Stigler}}}
\bibcite{stringer_statistical_2010}{{19}{{\APACyear {2010}}}{{Stringer\ \BOthers {.}}}{{Stringer, Sales-Pardo,{}\ \BBA  {} Amaral}}}
\bibcite{seewave2008}{{20}{{\APACyear {2008}}}{{Sueur\ \BOthers {.}}}{{Sueur, Aubin,{}\ \BBA  {} Simonis}}}
\bibcite{uzzi_atypical_2013}{{21}{{\APACyear {2013}}}{{Uzzi\ \BOthers {.}}}{{Uzzi, Mukherjee, Stringer,{}\ \BBA  {} Jones}}}
\bibcite{wallace_lariviere_gingras_2012}{{22}{{\APACyear {2012}}}{{Wallace\ \BOthers {.}}}{{Wallace, Lariviere,{}\ \BBA  {} Gingras}}}
\bibcite{10.3389/frma.2018.00020}{{23}{{\APACyear {2018}}}{{Zuckerman}}{{Zuckerman}}}