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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>4.2 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulation - Responsibility</title>
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<body>
<div class="container">
<h1>4.2 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulation - Responsibility</h1>
<div class="selection-title">Select an actor:</div>
<div class="nav-pills">
<button class="nav-pill active" data-target="AIDeveloperSpecializedAI">
AI Developer (Specialized AI)
</button>
<button class="nav-pill" data-target="AIInfrastructureProvider">
AI Infrastructure Provider
</button>
<button class="nav-pill" data-target="AffectedStakeholder">
Affected Stakeholder
</button>
</div>
<div class="content-sections">
<div class="actor-section active" id="AIDeveloperSpecializedAI">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Specialized developers are primary when their products enable persuasion, outreach automation, or social engineering. "</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Specialized developers are primary when their products enable persuasion, outreach automation, or social engineering."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actor-section" id="AIInfrastructureProvider">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Infrastructure has moderate responsibility for rate limits, abuse prevention, and verified sending. "</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Infrastructure has moderate responsibility for rate limits, abuse prevention, and verified sending."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actor-section" id="AffectedStakeholder">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "AI user is most likely the one doing fraud/scamming, and therefore most responsible. Affected stakeholders I think bear some responsibility for reasonably defending themselves."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"AI user is most likely the one doing fraud/scamming, and therefore most responsible. Affected stakeholders I think bear some responsibility for reasonably defending themselves."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Deployers are primary since they run account lifecycle, KYC, content and API policies, transaction controls, and incident response. Users have minimal control. Affected stakeholders are not responsible."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Deployers are primary since they run account lifecycle, KYC, content and API policies, transaction controls, and incident response. Users have minimal control. Affected stakeholders are not responsible."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actor-section" id="AIDeveloperSpecializedAI">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Specialized developers are primary when their products enable persuasion, outreach automation, or social engineering. "</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Specialized developers are primary when their products enable persuasion, outreach automation, or social engineering."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actor-section" id="AIDeployer">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Experts emphasize deployers are "highly responsible for monitoring and responding to fraud patterns" as they control critical operational infrastructure. Deployers run "account lifecycle, KYC, content and API policies, transaction controls, and incident response," giving them primary control over identity, payment, and communication rails with direct ability to implement protective measures.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (2)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Deployers are highly responsible for monitoring and responding to fraud patterns."</li> <li>"Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Deployers are primary since they run account lifecycle, KYC, content and API policies, transaction controls, and incident response. Specialized develo"</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actor-section" id="AIInfrastructureProvider">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Infrastructure has moderate responsibility for rate limits, abuse prevention, and verified sending. "</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Infrastructure has moderate responsibility for rate limits, abuse prevention, and verified sending."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actor-section" id="AIUser">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Experts argue users bear primary responsibility because they are the ones actually perpetrating frauds - the majority of AI-driven frauds come from users misusing the tools. Some also note affected stakeholders share responsibility for reasonably defending themselves against scams.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (2)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"I do not agree with most other evaluators in their general assessment of responsibility allocation among all the stakeholders. I do not understand how AI users would *not* be the primary responsible stakeholder for frauds, scams, and targeted manipulation. given that the majority of AI-driven frauds are perpetrated by AI users misusing the tools."</li> <li>"AI user is most likely the one doing fraud/scamming, and therefore most responsible. Affected stakeholders I think bear some responsibility for reasonably defending themselves."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Deployers are primary since they run account lifecycle, KYC, content and API policies, transaction controls, and incident response. Users have minimal control. Affected stakeholders are not responsible."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actor-section" id="AffectedStakeholder">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "AI user is most likely the one doing fraud/scamming, and therefore most responsible. Affected stakeholders I think bear some responsibility for reasonably defending themselves."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"AI user is most likely the one doing fraud/scamming, and therefore most responsible. Affected stakeholders I think bear some responsibility for reasonably defending themselves."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Deployers are primary since they run account lifecycle, KYC, content and API policies, transaction controls, and incident response. Users have minimal control. Affected stakeholders are not responsible."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. Deployers are primary since they run account lifecycle, KYC, content and API policies, transaction controls, and incident response. Users have minimal control. Affected stakeholders are not responsible."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actor-section" id="AIGovernanceActor">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Experts emphasize governance actors are "primarily responsible" for defining "oversight frameworks, standards of safety, and enforcement mechanisms to prevent large-scale scams." They shape regulatory and ethical frameworks with obligation to "enforce standards and coordinate responses across sectors." Governance actors share high responsibility for "capability constraints, provenance, anti-impersonation features, mandatory sender authentication, and enforcement" alongside developers.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (3)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"AI Governance Actors: primarily responsible because they define oversight frameworks, standards of safety, and enforcement mechanisms to prevent large-scale scams."</li> <li>"Governance actors must establish clear regulations and enforcement mechanisms while users need better education on recognizing fraudulent activities."</li> <li>"Responsibility maps to control over identity, payment, and communication rails plus ability to mitigate. General-purpose developers and governance actors are highly responsible for capability constraints, provenance, anti-impersonation features, mandatory sender authentication, and enforcement."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Responsibility</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "I continue to assess that AI governance actors are 'minimally responsible'. I think a category error is at work here. Saying AI governance actors are responsible for AI risks is like saying that judges are responsible for crimes being committed. The kind of responsibility a judge has is very different from the kind of responsibility that a criminal or a lock-pick-maker has. The specific question asks how responsible should the AI governance actor be for addressing the risk. In almost all cases, the AI governance actor is responsible for requiring some other actor to address the risk, not addressing the risk themselves. The better way to think of this is that the AI governance actor is responsible for holding responsible the actor who is properly responsible. It would be recursive that AI governance actor is themselves responsible. Would we propose some meta-AI-goverance governor who holds responsible the AI governance actors that fail to hold responsible the actors that should be responsible? This is not the right way of thinking. We can rightly say that AI governance actors are responsible for some meta issues, like ensuring that Governments are properly informed etc."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"I continue to assess that AI governance actors are "minimally responsible". I think a category error is at work here. Saying AI governance actors are responsible for AI risks is like saying that judges are responsible for crimes being committed. The kind of responsibility a judge has is very different from the kind of responsibility that a criminal or a lock-pick-maker has.
The specific question asks how responsible should the AI governance actor be for addressing the risk. In almost all cases, the AI governance actor is responsible for requiring some other actor to address the risk, not addressing the risk themselves.
The better way to think of this is that the AI governance actor is responsible for holding responsible the actor who is properly responsible. It would be recursive that AI governance actor is themselves responsible. Would we propose some meta-AI-goverance governor who holds responsible the AI governance actors that fail to hold responsible the actors that should be responsible?
This is not the right way of thinking. We can rightly say that AI governance actors are responsible for some meta issues, like ensuring that Governments are properly informed etc."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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