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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>2.2 AI system security vulnerabilities and attacks - Vulnerability (Sectors)</title>
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.criteria-header.higher {
color: #FF0000;
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color: #2E5C8A;
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</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<h1>2.2 AI system security vulnerabilities and attacks - Vulnerability (Sectors)</h1>
<div class="selection-title">Select a sector:</div>
<div class="nav-pills">
<button class="nav-pill active" data-target="RealEstateRentalLeasing">
Real Estate Rental Leasing
</button>
<button class="nav-pill" data-target="ProfessionalandTechnicalServices">
Professional and Technical Services
</button>
<button class="nav-pill" data-target="ScientificServices">
Scientific Services
</button>
<button class="nav-pill" data-target="ManagementAdministrativeSupportServices">
Management Administrative Support Services
</button>
</div>
<div class="content-sections">
<div class="entity-section active" id="RealEstateRentalLeasing">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="ProfessionalandTechnicalServices">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="ScientificServices">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One comment: "spurious model outputs and attacks to compute infrastructure can compromise years of research."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Scientific Research - Highly vulnerable - spurious model outputs and attacks to compute infrastructure can compromise years of research."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="ManagementAdministrativeSupportServices">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="FinanceandInsurance">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Finance, healthcare/public health, and critical infrastructure are assessed as very highly vulnerable, given their heavy reliance on AI for high-stakes decision-making, operational automation, and management of sensitive data. Compromise of AI systems in these sectors could result in direct financial losses, harm to human life, systemic operational disruptions, or cascading sector-wide failures, making them prime targets for adversarial attacks."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Finance, healthcare/public health, and critical infrastructure are assessed as very highly vulnerable, given their heavy reliance on AI for high-stakes decision-making, operational automation, and management of sensitive data. Compromise of AI systems in these sectors could result in direct financial losses, harm to human life, systemic operational disruptions, or cascading sector-wide failures, making them prime targets for adversarial attacks."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "I am thoroughly surprised that finance has a higher vulnerability than that of mining/construction. Finance can have higher exposure but the fallout can be limiting due to financial controls. This is compared to mining and construction where human casualties can occur. Similarly, health-care vulnerabilities is odd because unlike other sectors, regulations and controls are quite stringent. Much of the sectors that should have higher vulnerabilities are those that can directly result in human casualty. This should place higher vulnerabilities for those sectors (mining, transportation, military) rather than those largely for informative aspects (public administration, education, finance)."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"I am thoroughly surprised that finance has a higher vulnerability than that of mining/construction. Finance can have higher exposure but the fallout can be limiting due to financial controls. This is compared to mining and construction where human casualties can occur. Similarly, health-care vulnerabilities is odd because unlike other sectors, regulations and controls are quite stringent. Much of the sectors that should have higher vulnerabilities are those that can directly result in human casualty. This should place higher vulnerabilities for those sectors (mining, transportation, military) rather than those largely for informative aspects (public administration, education, finance)."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="Information">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "I am convinced for information to be moved higher, only because if the logic is comparing the status-quo to the future of information. However, when compared to the broader landscape, I do not think the vulnerability is as large as it can be in other sectors."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"I am convinced for information to be moved higher, only because if the logic is comparing the status-quo to the future of information. However, when compared to the broader landscape, I do not think the vulnerability is as large as it can be in other sectors."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Information and natsec sectors seems less vulnerable than, eg the retail sector, because they are more hardened. I interpreted the question not to reflect whether malicious actors would seek to exploit vulnerabilities in a given sector, but instead how vulnerable each sector would be assuming a malicious actor sought to target them."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Information and natsec sectors seems less vulnerable than, eg the retail sector, because they are more hardened. I interpreted the question not to reflect whether malicious actors would seek to exploit vulnerabilities in a given sector, but instead how vulnerable each sector would be assuming a malicious actor sought to target them."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="ProfessionalandTechnicalServices">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="ScientificServices">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One comment: "spurious model outputs and attacks to compute infrastructure can compromise years of research."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Scientific Research - Highly vulnerable - spurious model outputs and attacks to compute infrastructure can compromise years of research."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="ManagementAdministrativeSupportServices">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="EducationalServices">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="HealthCareandSocialAssistance">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Heavy reliance on AI for high-stakes decision-making and management of sensitive data means compromise could result in harm to human life or systemic operational disruptions. Some updated estimates to highly vulnerable to better incorporate potentially devastating negative impact of successful AI attacks.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (2)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Finance, healthcare/public health, and critical infrastructure are assessed as very highly vulnerable, given their heavy reliance on AI for high-stakes decision-making, operational automation, and management of sensitive data. Compromise of AI systems in these sectors could result in direct financial losses, harm to human life, systemic operational disruptions, or cascading sector-wide failures, making them prime targets for adversarial attacks."</li> <li>"I updated my national security and healthcare estimates to highly vulnerable to better incorporate the potentially devastating negative impact of successful AI attacks on these sectors."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "I am thoroughly surprised that finance has a higher vulnerability than that of mining/construction. Finance can have higher exposure but the fallout can be limiting due to financial controls. This is compared to mining and construction where human casualties can occur. Similarly, health-care vulnerabilities is odd because unlike other sectors, regulations and controls are quite stringent. Much of the sectors that should have higher vulnerabilities are those that can directly result in human casualty. This should place higher vulnerabilities for those sectors (mining, transportation, military) rather than those largely for informative aspects (public administration, education, finance)."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"I am thoroughly surprised that finance has a higher vulnerability than that of mining/construction. Finance can have higher exposure but the fallout can be limiting due to financial controls. This is compared to mining and construction where human casualties can occur. Similarly, health-care vulnerabilities is odd because unlike other sectors, regulations and controls are quite stringent. Much of the sectors that should have higher vulnerabilities are those that can directly result in human casualty. This should place higher vulnerabilities for those sectors (mining, transportation, military) rather than those largely for informative aspects (public administration, education, finance)."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="ArtsEntertainmentRecreation">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation: Minimally vulnerable
AI is used in content creation and recommendation systems. While exposure exists, the sensitivity is low. Attacks may affect user experience or revenue, but not critical operations."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation: Minimally vulnerable
AI is used in content creation and recommendation systems. While exposure exists, the sensitivity is low. Attacks may affect user experience or revenue, but not critical operations."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="AccommodationFoodOtherServices">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Some noted this is a diverse sector with different vulnerabilities. Food service can potentially make people sick—a compromised AI system could cause meats to be stored unrefrigerated or improperly cooked before being served. Food industry is highly vulnerable because if a bad actor changes recipes (e.g., too much citric acid in energy drinks), this could harm people. Higher-end accommodations work with higher value data, and scale with AI use for reservations, check-in, check-out, and marketing increases vulnerability. Look at existing examples of attacks against hotels and their customers.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (2)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Accommodation, Food, and Other Services are a diverse sector, and similar to some of my other comments in this survey, different parts have different vulnerabilities. Food service can potentially make people sick. Consider a compromised AI system causing meats to be stored unrefrigerated or improperly cooked before being served to customers (or people in assisted living, homeless, etc.). For this same sector, higher-end accommodations again work with higher value data, meaning the vulnerability is high; look at existing examples of attacks against hotels and their customers. Now, scale it with their use of AI to handle reservations check-in, check-out, marketing, etc."</li> <li>"Accommodation, Food, and Other Services: Food industry is highly vulnerable because if a bad actor changes e.g. an energy drink recipe this could harm people in the worst case, e.g. too much citric acid in the recipe etc."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="TradeTransportationUtilities">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "I am thoroughly surprised that finance has a higher vulnerability than that of mining/construction. Finance can have higher exposure but the fallout can be limiting due to financial controls. This is compared to mining and construction where human casualties can occur. ... This should place higher vulnerabilities for those sectors (mining, transportation, military) rather than those largely for informative aspects (public administration, education, finance)."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"I am thoroughly surprised that finance has a higher vulnerability than that of mining/construction. Finance can have higher exposure but the fallout can be limiting due to financial controls. This is compared to mining and construction where human casualties can occur. Similarly, health-care vulnerabilities is odd because unlike other sectors, regulations and controls are quite stringent. Much of the sectors that should have higher vulnerabilities are those that can directly result in human casualty. This should place higher vulnerabilities for those sectors (mining, transportation, military) rather than those largely for informative aspects (public administration, education, finance)."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="RealEstateRentalLeasing">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="entity-section" id="PublicAdministrationexcludingNationalSecurity">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One comment: "Government and public sector actors are highly vulnerable due to their operational dependence on AI for public services and policy decisions, though strong defensive resources mitigate some risk"</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Government and public sector actors are highly vulnerable due to their operational dependence on AI for public services and policy decisions, though strong defensive resources mitigate some risk."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "While I agree that public/defense sectors are very sensitive to adversarial attacks, the extensive compliance and bureaucratic procedures ensure that these sectors will not drastically increase exposure by adopting AI solutions in a reckless way. The current level of the pressure to adopt AI, with respect to the capabilities of said AI, is not high enough to leapfrog the very procedural nature of technology adoption. That said, if that pressure or capability increases - as could happen if competition between states increases - I will modify my estimate."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"While I agree that public/defense sectors are very sensitive to adversarial attacks, the extensive compliance and bureaucratic procedures ensure that these sectors will not drastically increase exposure by adopting AI solutions in a reckless way. The current level of the pressure to adopt AI, with respect to the capabilities of said AI, is not high enough to leapfrog the very procedural nature of technology adoption. That said, if that pressure or capability increases - as could happen if competition between states increases - I will modify my estimate."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="NationalSecurity">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Government actors are highly vulnerable due to operational dependence on AI for public services and policy decisions, though strong defensive resources mitigate some risk. Some updated estimates to highly vulnerable to better incorporate potentially devastating negative impact of successful AI attacks.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (2)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Government and public sector actors are highly vulnerable due to their operational dependence on AI for public services and policy decisions, though strong defensive resources mitigate some risk."</li> <li>"I updated my national security and healthcare estimates to highly vulnerable to better incorporate the potentially devastating negative impact of successful AI attacks on these sectors."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Some argued information and national security sectors seem less vulnerable than retail because they are more hardened, interpreting the question as how vulnerable sectors would be assuming malicious actors targeted them, not whether actors would seek to exploit them. Others noted that while public/defense sectors are sensitive to adversarial attacks, extensive compliance and bureaucratic procedures ensure they won't drastically increase exposure by adopting AI recklessly. Current pressure relative to AI capabilities isn't high enough to leapfrog procedural technology adoption.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (2)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Information and natsec sectors seems less vulnerable than, eg the retail sector, because they are more hardened. I interpreted the question not to reflect whether malicious actors would seek to exploit vulnerabilities in a given sector, but instead how vulnerable each sector would be assuming a malicious actor sought to target them."</li> <li>"While I agree that public/defense sectors are very sensitive to adversarial attacks, the extensive compliance and bureaucratic procedures ensure that these sectors will not drastically increase exposure by adopting AI solutions in a reckless way. The current level of the pressure to adopt AI, with respect to the capabilities of said AI, is not high enough to leapfrog the very procedural nature of technology adoption. That said, if that pressure or capability increases - as could happen if competition between states increases - I will modify my estimate."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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