gpttype_adapter.cpp

//This is Concedo's shitty adapter for adding python bindings for llama

//Considerations:
//Don't want to use pybind11 due to dependencies on MSVCC
//ZERO or MINIMAL changes as possible to main.cpp - do not move their function declarations here!
//Leave main.cpp UNTOUCHED, We want to be able to update the repo and pull any changes automatically.
//No dynamic memory allocation! Setup structs with FIXED (known) shapes and sizes for ALL output fields
//Python will ALWAYS provide the memory, we just write to it.

#include <cmath>
#include <time.h>
#include <mutex>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include "model_adapter.h"
#include "otherarch.h"
#include "llama.h"
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <cstdint>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
#include <locale>
#include <chrono>
#include <algorithm>
#include <condition_variable>
#include <deque>
#include <memory>
#include <thread>

#include "utils.h"
#include "llmutils.h"

//for easier compilation
//concat source files into one file for compilation purposes
#include "llama_v2.cpp"
#include "llama_v3.cpp"
#include "src/llama.cpp"
#include "gptj_v1.cpp"
#include "gptj_v2.cpp"
#include "gptj_v3.cpp"
#include "gpt2_v1.cpp"
#include "gpt2_v2.cpp"
#include "gpt2_v3.cpp"
#include "rwkv_v2.cpp"
#include "rwkv_v3.cpp"
#include "neox_v2.cpp"
#include "neox_v3.cpp"
#include "mpt_v3.cpp"
#include "tools/mtmd/mtmd.h"
#include "tools/mtmd/mtmd-helper.h"
#include "common/speculative.h"
#include "vendor/stb/stb_image.h"
#include "otherarch/sdcpp/thirdparty/stb_image_resize.h"
#include "common/common.h"
#include "common/fit.h"
#include "ggml-rpc.h"

#if defined(GGML_USE_HIP)
// for rocblas_initialize()
#include "rocblas/rocblas.h"
#endif

//const
const int extra_context_handle_fragmentation = 128;
const int MEDIA_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER_A = -998; //alternate between both, changing when image changes
const int MEDIA_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER_B = -999;

//shared
std::string executable_path = "";
std::string lora_filename = "";
std::string mmproj_filename = "";
std::string draftmodel_filename = "";
int speculative_chunk_amt = 8; //do it in chunks of this many tokens
bool generation_finished;
bool audio_multimodal_supported = false;
bool vision_multimodal_supported = false;
float last_process_time = 0;
float last_eval_time = 0;
int last_token_count = 0;
int last_input_count = 0;
int last_seed = -1;
int total_gens = 0;
int last_draft_success = 0;
int last_draft_failed = 0;
stop_reason last_stop_reason = stop_reason::INVALID;
std::vector<std::string> generated_tokens;
static int continuous_batching_slots = 0;

llama_grammar *  grammar = nullptr; //currently used grammar
llama_grammar_parser parsed_grammar;
static std::string current_grammar = "";

//return val: 0=fail, 1=(original ggml, alpaca), 2=(ggmf), 3=(ggjt)
static FileFormat file_format = FileFormat::BADFORMAT;
static FileFormatExtraMeta file_format_meta;

static gpt_vocab vocab;
static int32_t n_vocab = 0;

static gptj_v1_model gptj_ctx_v1;
static gptj_v2_model gptj_ctx_v2;
static gptj_model gptj_ctx_v3;

static gpt2_v1_model gpt2_ctx_v1;
static gpt2_v2_model gpt2_ctx_v2;
static gpt2_model gpt2_ctx_v3;

static gpt_neox_v2_model neox_ctx_v2;
static gpt_neox_model neox_ctx_v3;

static mpt_model mpt_ctx_v3;

static rwkv_v2_context * rwkv_ctx_v2 = nullptr;
static rwkv_context * rwkv_ctx_v3 = nullptr;

static llama_v2_context * llama_ctx_v2 = nullptr;
static llama_v3_context * llama_ctx_v3 = nullptr;
static llama_context * llama_ctx_v4 = nullptr;
static llama_context * draft_ctx = nullptr; //will remain null if speculative is unused
static common_speculative * draft_spec = nullptr; // llama.cpp speculative state for draft model / MTP drafting
static bool draft_is_mtp = false;
static bool mtp_uses_spec_checkpoint = false;
static common_prompt_checkpoint mtp_spec_ckpt;
static llama_context * guidance_ctx = nullptr; //for classifier free guidance, will be null if unused

static mtmd_context * mtmd_ctx = nullptr; //for multimodal media
static std::vector<media_object> media_objects;
static std::vector<int> last_media_mem; //for storing dummy tokens that will be consumed by mtmd
static std::string media_composite_image_signature = ""; //for identifying when the media changes, we need to invalidate the cache
static int current_media_identifier = MEDIA_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER_A;
static int vision_max_res = 2048;
static bool use_mrope = false;

static kcpp_params * kcpp_data = nullptr;
static int max_context_limit_at_load = 0;
static int n_past = 0;
static int debugmode = 0; //-1 = hide all, 0 = normal, 1 = showall
static bool is_quiet = false;
static std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> last_n_tokens;
static std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> current_context_tokens;
static std::vector<float> loaded_latest_logits; //do not use normally, this is only required when loading state happens and we need to override logits
static size_t mem_per_token = 0;
static std::vector<float> logits;
static std::vector<int> smartcontext;
static float adaptive_p_weighted_sum = 0; //adaptive p sampling state vars
static float adaptive_p_total_weight = 0;
static std::vector<std::string> stop_sequence;
static std::vector<int> special_stop_sequence; //for stop sequences that don't have a string representation
static std::vector<std::string> banned_tokens;
static std::vector<int> banned_token_ids;
static std::vector<int> toolcall_prevented_ids; //temp ban these id for the first 3 tokens generated, to prevent empty replies
static std::vector<std::string> banned_phrases;
static std::unordered_multimap<gpt_vocab::id, std::vector<gpt_vocab::id>> dry_sequence_breakers; // Multi-mapping from first token of sequence to tail of sequence (tail is empty for a single token)
static std::vector<int> dry_repeat_count; // Indexed as last_n_tokens
static std::unordered_map<gpt_vocab::id, int> dry_max_token_repeat;
static std::vector<TopPicksData> top_picks_history;
static int remaining_tokens = 0;
static bool early_abort = false;
static std::mutex concat_output_mtx;
static std::string concat_output = "";
static std::string concat_output_reader_copy_poll = ""; //for streaming
static std::string concat_output_reader_copy_res = ""; //for gen response
static std::vector<logit_bias> logit_biases;
static bool add_bos_token = true; // if set to false, mmproj handling breaks. dont disable unless you know what you're doing
static bool load_guidance = false; //whether to enable cfg for negative prompts
static bool check_slowness = false; //will display a suggestion to use highpriority if slow
static bool showed_rnn_warning = false;
static bool highpriority = false;
static int rnn_reusable_slot_idx = -1;
static int rnn_lifeboat_slot_idx = -1;
static bool rnn_lifeboat_hard_reserved = false;
static std::string overridden_jinja_template = ""; //if set, overrides jinja template

static int delayed_generated_tokens_limit = 0;
std::deque<std::string> delayed_generated_tokens; //for use with antislop sampling
static std::map<int,std::vector<int>> antislop_banned_token_ids; //first is the npast position, second is the array of banned ids at that index

static int savestate_limit = 0;
static std::vector<savestate_data> savestates;
static const int smartcache_rnn_lifeboat_min_prompt_tokens = 2048;
static const int smartcache_rnn_lifeboat_percent = 65;
static const int smartcache_rnn_lifeboat_extra_slot_min_user_slots = 4;

extern bool kcpp_permit_any_repack;

inline int kcpp_cpu_has_blas(void) {
#if defined(GGML_USE_BLAS) || defined(GGML_USE_CUDA) || defined(GGML_USE_VULKAN) || defined(GGML_USE_SYCL)
    return 1;
#else
    return 0;
#endif
}

inline bool IsNanCheck(float f)
{
    const unsigned int u = *(unsigned int*)&f;
    return (u&0x7F800000) == 0x7F800000 && (u&0x7FFFFF);    // Both NaN and qNan.
}

inline bool LogitsDuplicated(std::vector<float> & arr1, std::vector<float> & arr2)
{
    int compareQty = 5;
    if(arr1.size() < compareQty || arr2.size() < compareQty || arr1.size()!=arr2.size())
    {
        printf("\nError: Logit array sizes are bad!\n");
        return false;
    }
    for(int i=0;i<compareQty;++i)
    {
        if(arr1[i]!=arr2[i])
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

static inline void log_callback_off(ggml_log_level level, const char* text, void*) {
    return;
}

static inline void string_trim_whitespace(std::string & s) {
    auto nul = std::find(s.begin(), s.end(), '\0'); //remove everything after the first NUL
    if (nul != s.end()) {
        s.erase(nul, s.end());
    }
    if (s.empty()) return;
    // trim leading whitespace
    s.erase(s.begin(), std::find_if(s.begin(), s.end(), [](unsigned char ch) { return !std::isspace(ch); }));
    // trim trailing whitespace
    s.erase(std::find_if(s.rbegin(), s.rend(), [](unsigned char ch) { return !std::isspace(ch); }).base(), s.end());
}

static std::string FileFormatTokenizeID(int id, FileFormat file_format, bool return_special = false)
{
    if(id<0)
    {
        return ""; //placeholder IDs cannot be tokenized!
    }
    if (file_format == FileFormat::GGML || file_format == FileFormat::GGHF || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_2)
    {
        return std::string(llama_v2_token_to_str(llama_ctx_v2, id));
    }
    else if (file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_3)
    {
        return std::string(llama_v3_token_to_str(llama_ctx_v3, id));
    }
    else if(file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        return std::string(common_token_to_piece(llama_ctx_v4, id, return_special));
    }
    else
    {
        return vocab.id_to_token[id];
    }
}

static void TokenizeString(const std::string & str_to_tokenize, std::vector<int> & output_tokens, FileFormat file_format, bool add_bos)
{
    if (file_format == FileFormat::GGML || file_format == FileFormat::GGHF || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_2  || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_3 || file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        if(file_format == FileFormat::GGHF || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_2 )
        {
            output_tokens = ::llama_v2_tokenize(llama_ctx_v2, str_to_tokenize, add_bos);
        }
        else if (file_format == FileFormat::GGML)
        {
            output_tokens = ::legacy_llama_v2_tokenize(llama_ctx_v2, str_to_tokenize, add_bos);
        }
        else if (file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_3)
        {
            output_tokens = ::llama_v3_tokenize(llama_ctx_v3, str_to_tokenize, add_bos);
        }
        else
        {
            output_tokens = ::common_tokenize(llama_ctx_v4, str_to_tokenize, add_bos, true);
            if(add_bos)
            {
                const llama_vocab * tmpvocab = llama_model_get_vocab(llama_get_model(llama_ctx_v4));
                llama_token bostoadd = llama_vocab_bos(tmpvocab);
                if(bostoadd != LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) //if bos does not exist, do not add it
                {
                    if(output_tokens.size()==0)
                    {
                        output_tokens.push_back(bostoadd);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if(output_tokens[0]!=bostoadd)
                        {
                            output_tokens.insert(output_tokens.begin(), 1, bostoadd);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        // tokenize the prompt
        output_tokens = ::gpt_tokenize(vocab, str_to_tokenize);
    }
}
static int GetEosID(FileFormat file_format, int32_t n_vocab)
{
    unsigned int eosID = 0;

    if(file_format == FileFormat::GGML || file_format == FileFormat::GGHF || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_2 || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_3 || file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        if(file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
        {
            const llama_vocab * tmpvocab = llama_model_get_vocab(llama_get_model(llama_ctx_v4));
            eosID = llama_vocab_eos(tmpvocab);
        }
        else if(file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_3)
        {
            eosID = llama_v3_token_eos();
        }
        else
        {
            eosID = llama_v3_token_eos();
        }
    }
    else
    {
        if (file_format == FileFormat::GPT2_1 ||
        file_format == FileFormat::GPT2_2 ||
        file_format == FileFormat::GPT2_3 ||
        file_format == FileFormat::GPT2_4 ||
        file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_1 ||
        file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_2 ||
        file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_3 ||
        file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_4 ||
        file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_5)
        {
            eosID = 50256;
            if (n_vocab <= eosID)
            {
                //special case, starcoder models use ID 0 for EOS
                eosID = 0;
            }
        }

        if (file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1 ||
            file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_2 ||
            file_format == FileFormat::NEOX_1 ||
            file_format == FileFormat::NEOX_2 ||
            file_format == FileFormat::NEOX_3 ||
            file_format == FileFormat::NEOX_4 ||
            file_format == FileFormat::NEOX_5 ||
            file_format == FileFormat::NEOX_6 ||
            file_format == FileFormat::NEOX_7 ||
            file_format == FileFormat::MPT_1)
        {
            eosID = 0;
        }
    }
    return eosID;
}

static std::vector<int> GetEogIDs(FileFormat file_format, int32_t n_vocab)
{
    std::vector<int> alleogs;
    int eos = GetEosID(file_format, n_vocab);
    if(file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        const llama_vocab * tmpvocab = llama_model_get_vocab(llama_get_model(llama_ctx_v4));
        int eot = llama_vocab_eot(tmpvocab);
        std::set<int> eogs = tmpvocab->get_eogs();
        if (eot >= 0) {
            eogs.insert(eot);
        }
        if (eos >= 0) {
            eogs.insert(eos);
        }
        alleogs = std::vector<int>(eogs.begin(), eogs.end());
    } else {
        if (eos >= 0) {
            alleogs.push_back(eos);
        }
    }
    return alleogs;
}

static float LowestLogit(const std::vector<float> & logits)
{
    int topid = std::min_element(logits.begin(), logits.end()) - logits.begin();
    float v = logits[topid];
    return (v < 0 ? (v-8) : 0);
}
static float LowestLogit(const float *logits, size_t size)
{
    if (size == 0) {
        // Handle the case of an empty array
        return 0.0;
    }
    int topid = std::min_element(logits, logits + size) - logits;
    float v = logits[topid];
    return (v < 0 ? (v-8) : 0);
}

static std::string RemoveBell(const std::string & input) //removes the bell character
{
    std::string word2;
    std::remove_copy(input.begin(), input.end(), std::back_inserter(word2), '\a');
    return word2;
}

static std::string get_tok_vec_str(std::vector<int> &embd)
{
    std::string tmp = "";
    for (auto id : embd)
    {
        tmp += "'" + FileFormatTokenizeID(id, file_format, true) + " (" + std::to_string(id) + ")', ";
    }
    ::utreplace(tmp, "\n", "\\n");
    return tmp;
}
static void print_tok_vec_str(std::vector<int> &vec)
{
    printf("\n[%s]\n", get_tok_vec_str(vec).c_str());
}

bool allExtendedUnicode(const std::string& str) {
    if(str.size()==0)
    {
        return false;
    }
    for (unsigned char c : str) {
        if (c <= 127) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

void print_fitted_params(const llama_model_params & mparams, const llama_context_params & cparams)
{
    std::cout << "-c "    << cparams.n_ctx;
    std::cout << " -ngl " << mparams.n_gpu_layers;
    size_t nd = llama_max_devices();
    while (nd > 1 && mparams.tensor_split[nd - 1] == 0.0f) {
        nd--;
    }
    if (nd > 1) {
        for (size_t id = 0; id < nd; id++) {
            if (id == 0) {
                std::cout << " -ts ";
            }
            if (id > 0) {
                std::cout << ",";
            }
            std::cout << mparams.tensor_split[id];
        }
    }
    const size_t ntbo = llama_max_tensor_buft_overrides();
    for (size_t itbo = 0; itbo < ntbo && mparams.tensor_buft_overrides[itbo].pattern != nullptr; itbo++) {
        if (itbo == 0) {
            std::cout << " -ot ";
        }
        if (itbo > 0) {
            std::cout << ",";
        }
        std::cout << mparams.tensor_buft_overrides[itbo].pattern << "=" << ggml_backend_buft_name(mparams.tensor_buft_overrides[itbo].buft);
    }
    std::cout << "\n";
}

static size_t estimate_draft_autofit_tax_mb(
    const std::string & main_model_filename,
    const std::string & spec_model_filename,
    const llama_model_params & base_model_params,
    const llama_context_params & base_ctx_params,
    const float * draft_gpusplit,
    int draft_gpulayers,
    bool use_mtp)
{
    const bool has_draft_model = spec_model_filename != "";
    if(!has_draft_model && !use_mtp)
    {
        return 0;
    }

    llama_model_params draft_model_params = llama_model_default_params();
    llama_context_params draft_ctx_params = llama_context_default_params();

    draft_model_params.use_mmap = base_model_params.use_mmap;
    draft_model_params.use_mlock = base_model_params.use_mlock;
    draft_model_params.use_direct_io = base_model_params.use_direct_io;
    draft_model_params.n_gpu_layers = has_draft_model ? draft_gpulayers : 0;
    draft_model_params.devices = base_model_params.devices;
    draft_model_params.main_gpu = base_model_params.main_gpu;
    draft_model_params.split_mode = llama_split_mode::LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_LAYER;

    draft_ctx_params.n_ctx = base_ctx_params.n_ctx;
    draft_ctx_params.offload_kqv = base_ctx_params.offload_kqv;
    draft_ctx_params.kv_unified = base_ctx_params.kv_unified;
    draft_ctx_params.n_batch = base_ctx_params.n_batch;
    draft_ctx_params.n_ubatch = base_ctx_params.n_ubatch;
    draft_ctx_params.n_threads = base_ctx_params.n_threads;
    draft_ctx_params.n_threads_batch = base_ctx_params.n_threads_batch;
    draft_ctx_params.flash_attn_type = base_ctx_params.flash_attn_type;
    draft_ctx_params.type_k = base_ctx_params.type_k;
    draft_ctx_params.type_v = base_ctx_params.type_v;
    draft_ctx_params.swa_full = base_ctx_params.swa_full;
    draft_ctx_params.n_rs_seq = 0;

    #if defined(GGML_USE_CUDA) || defined(GGML_USE_VULKAN)
    bool ts_all_zero = true;
    for (int i = 0; i < tensor_split_max; ++i) {
        if (draft_gpusplit[i] != 0.0f) {
            ts_all_zero = false;
            break;
        }
    }
    if(!ts_all_zero)
    {
        draft_model_params.tensor_split = draft_gpusplit;
    }
    #endif

    const char * estimate_model_path = has_draft_model ? spec_model_filename.c_str() : main_model_filename.c_str();
    bool measure_model_bytes = true;
    bool draft_is_mtp_estimate = !has_draft_model && use_mtp;

    //mute logs for the fitting stuff first
    auto oldverbosity = common_log_get_verbosity_thold();
    ggml_log_callback currlogger;
    void * curruserdat;
    llama_log_get(&currlogger, &curruserdat);
    llama_log_set(log_callback_off, nullptr);
    common_log_set_verbosity_thold(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_NONE);
    bool logs_muted = true;

    if(has_draft_model)
    {
        llama_model_params draft_probe_params = draft_model_params;
        draft_probe_params.no_alloc = true;
        draft_probe_params.use_mmap = false;
        draft_probe_params.use_mlock = false;

        llama_model * draft_probe = llama_model_load_from_file(spec_model_filename.c_str(), draft_probe_params);
        if(draft_probe != nullptr)
        {
            draft_is_mtp_estimate = draft_probe->hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0;
            llama_model_free(draft_probe);
        }
    }

    llama_model * ctx_other_model = nullptr;
    llama_context * ctx_other = nullptr;
    auto free_ctx_other = [&]() {
        if(ctx_other != nullptr)
        {
            llama_free(ctx_other);
            ctx_other = nullptr;
        }
        if(ctx_other_model != nullptr)
        {
            llama_model_free(ctx_other_model);
            ctx_other_model = nullptr;
        }

        if(logs_muted)
        {
            logs_muted = false;
            llama_log_set(currlogger, curruserdat);
            common_log_set_verbosity_thold(oldverbosity);
        }
    };

    if(has_draft_model)
    {
        llama_model_params ctx_other_model_params = base_model_params;
        ctx_other_model_params.no_alloc = true;
        ctx_other_model_params.use_mmap = false;
        ctx_other_model_params.use_mlock = false;

        ctx_other_model = llama_model_load_from_file(main_model_filename.c_str(), ctx_other_model_params);
        if(ctx_other_model != nullptr)
        {
            ctx_other = llama_init_from_model(ctx_other_model, base_ctx_params);
            if(ctx_other != nullptr)
            {
                draft_ctx_params.ctx_other = ctx_other;
            }
            else
            {
                llama_model_free(ctx_other_model);
                ctx_other_model = nullptr;
            }
        }
    }

    if(draft_is_mtp_estimate)
    {
        draft_ctx_params.ctx_type = LLAMA_CONTEXT_TYPE_MTP;
        draft_ctx_params.n_rs_seq = speculative_chunk_amt;
        measure_model_bytes = has_draft_model;
    }

    std::vector<ggml_backend_dev_t> devs;
    uint32_t hp_ngl = 0;
    uint32_t hp_n_ctx_train = 0;
    uint32_t hp_n_expert = 0;
    common_device_memory_data_vec dmd;
    try
    {
        dmd = common_get_device_memory_data(
            estimate_model_path,
            &draft_model_params,
            &draft_ctx_params,
            devs,
            hp_ngl,
            hp_n_ctx_train,
            hp_n_expert,
            GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR);
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        free_ctx_other();
        throw;
    }
    free_ctx_other();

    size_t total_bytes = 0;
    for(size_t i = 0; i < devs.size() && i < dmd.size(); ++i)
    {
        total_bytes += (measure_model_bytes ? dmd[i].model : 0) + dmd[i].context + dmd[i].compute;
    }
    return (total_bytes + 1024*1024 - 1) / (1024*1024);
}

// Find tokens that completely contain `str`, either as a single token, or as a sequence of tokens.
// It's important to use a hash map for head tokens because some models have many of them.
// For example, the Llama 3 tokenizer has 6570 tokens containing the period ('.') character.
// Single tokens are allowed to extend past `str` at the front and back. This is to allow, for
// instance, the token '.\n' to be a head for both '.' and '\n'. However if a head token
// begins a multi-token sequence, the head can only extend past `str` at the beginning. The
// tail tokens are generated by tokenizing the remainder.
// If max_tail_len is >= 0, the maximum token length of a tail sequence is clamped to this value.
static void GetOverlappingTokenSequences(const std::string& str, std::unordered_multimap<gpt_vocab::id, std::vector<gpt_vocab::id>>& token_sequences, int max_tail_len = -1) {
    bool isAllExtendedUnicode = allExtendedUnicode(str);
    for(int v=0;v<n_vocab;++v)
    {
        std::string word = FileFormatTokenizeID(v, file_format, true);
        if (word.find(str) != std::string::npos)
        {
            // The string is entirely contained within this single token.
            // Ensure that token_sequences only contains one key-value-pair with an empty value.
            auto its = token_sequences.equal_range(v);
            bool empty = false;
            for (auto it = its.first; it != its.second; ++it) {
                if (it->second.empty()) {
                    empty = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!empty) {
                token_sequences.emplace(v, std::vector<gpt_vocab::id>());
            }
        } else {
            // Check whether a prefix of the string overlaps with a suffix of the token.
            // Just do a naive O(N^2) search, since the worst case is limited by the
            // maximum character length of a token in the vocabulary.
            size_t word_len = word.size(), str_len = str.size();
            size_t pos = -1;
            while ((pos = word.find(str[0], pos + 1)) != std::string::npos) {
                bool match = true;
                size_t i;
                for (i = 1; i < str_len && i + pos < word_len; ++i) {
                    if (word[pos + i] != str[i]) {
                        match = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (match && !isAllExtendedUnicode) {
                    // We matched to the end of the string. Since `str` is not contained in `word`,
                    // there must be trailing letters in `str`.
                    std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> tokenization;
                    TokenizeString(str.substr(i), tokenization, file_format, false);
                    if (max_tail_len >= 0 && tokenization.size() > max_tail_len) {
                        tokenization.resize(max_tail_len);
                    }

                    // Ensure we don't already have a duplicate matching tokenization.
                    auto its = token_sequences.equal_range(v);
                    bool found = false;
                    for (auto it = its.first; it != its.second; ++it) {
                        if (tokenization == it->second) {
                            found = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    if (!found)
                    {
                        token_sequences.emplace(v, tokenization);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// Function to convert a UTF-8 encoded string to lowercase
static std::string toLowerCase(const std::string& str) {
    std::string result;
    std::locale loc;

    for (char ch : str) {
        result += std::tolower(ch, loc); // Use locale-aware tolower
    }

    return result;
}


bool ContextRewind(std::vector<int> &embd, std::vector<int> &current_context_tokens, int &n_past, std::vector<int> &last_n_tokens, const int amount_rewind)
{
    if(amount_rewind<=0 || current_context_tokens.size()==0)
    {
        return true; //do nothing
    }
    if(embd.size()>1)
    {
        printf("\nWARNING: Don't use context rewind when in batch processing phase!\n");
        return false;
    }
    bool is_recurrent = false;
    if(file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        const llama_model * mdl = llama_get_model(llama_ctx_v4);
        if(llama_model_is_recurrent(mdl) || llama_model_is_hybrid(mdl))
        {
            is_recurrent = true;
        }
    }
    if(file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1 || file_format==FileFormat::RWKV_2 || is_recurrent)
    {
        if(!showed_rnn_warning)
        {
            showed_rnn_warning = true;
            printf("\n!!!\nWARNING: RNN models do not support context rewind! Anti-Slop sampler will not work!\n!!!\n");
        }
        return false;
    }

    if (amount_rewind >= last_n_tokens.size())
    {
        last_n_tokens.clear();
    }
    else
    {
        last_n_tokens.resize(last_n_tokens.size() - amount_rewind);
    }

    if(amount_rewind >= top_picks_history.size())
    {
        top_picks_history.clear();
    }
    else
    {
        top_picks_history.resize(top_picks_history.size() - amount_rewind);
    }

    if (amount_rewind >= current_context_tokens.size())
    {
        current_context_tokens.clear();
    }
    else
    {
        current_context_tokens.resize(current_context_tokens.size() - amount_rewind);
    }

    if (amount_rewind >= n_past)
    {
        n_past = 0;
    }
    else
    {
        n_past -= amount_rewind;
    }

    if (file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4), 0, n_past, -1);
        if(draft_ctx)
        {
            llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(draft_ctx), 0, n_past, -1);
        }
    }

    embd.clear();
    if(current_context_tokens.size()>0)
    {
        embd.push_back(current_context_tokens[current_context_tokens.size()-1]);
    }
    return true;
}

const char * kcpp_print_system_info(void) {
    ggml_cpu_init(); // some ARM features are detected at runtime

    static std::string s;

    s  = "";
    s += "AVX = "         + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_avx())         + " | ";
    s += "AVX_VNNI = "    + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_avx_vnni())    + " | ";
    s += "AVX2 = "        + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_avx2())        + " | ";
    s += "AVX512 = "      + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_avx512())      + " | ";
    s += "AVX512_VBMI = " + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_avx512_vbmi()) + " | ";
    s += "AVX512_VNNI = " + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_avx512_vnni()) + " | ";
    s += "AVX512_BF16 = " + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_avx512_bf16()) + " | ";
    s += "AMX_INT8 = "    + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_amx_int8())    + " | ";
    s += "FMA = "         + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_fma())         + " | ";
    s += "NEON = "        + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_neon())        + " | ";
    s += "SVE = "         + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_sve())         + " | ";
    s += "ARM_FMA = "     + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_arm_fma())     + " | ";
    s += "F16C = "        + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_f16c())        + " | ";
    s += "FP16_VA = "     + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_fp16_va())     + " | ";
    s += "RISCV_VECT = "  + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_riscv_v())     + " | ";
    s += "WASM_SIMD = "   + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_wasm_simd())   + " | ";
    s += "SSE3 = "        + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_sse3())        + " | ";
    s += "SSSE3 = "       + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_ssse3())       + " | ";
    s += "VSX = "         + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_vsx())         + " | ";
    s += "MATMUL_INT8 = " + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_matmul_int8()) + " | ";
    s += "LLAMAFILE = "   + std::to_string(ggml_cpu_has_llamafile())   + " | ";

    return s.c_str();
}

static bool speculative_state_setup(llama_context * main_ctx, const llama_context_params & draft_ctx_params, int draft_gpulayers, common_speculative_type type)
{
    common_params_speculative spec_params;
    spec_params.types = { type };
    spec_params.draft.ctx_tgt = main_ctx;
    spec_params.draft.ctx_dft = draft_ctx;
    spec_params.draft.n_max = speculative_chunk_amt;
    spec_params.draft.n_min = 0;
    spec_params.draft.p_min = 0.0f;
    spec_params.draft.backend_sampling = true;
    spec_params.draft.n_gpu_layers = draft_gpulayers;
    spec_params.draft.cache_type_k = draft_ctx_params.type_k;
    spec_params.draft.cache_type_v = draft_ctx_params.type_v;

    try
    {
        draft_spec = common_speculative_init(spec_params, 1);
    }
    catch(const std::exception & e)
    {
        printf("Error: failed to initialize speculative decoding state: %s\n", e.what());
        llama_free(draft_ctx);
        draft_ctx = nullptr;
        draft_is_mtp = false;
        return false;
    }

    if(draft_spec == nullptr)
    {
        printf("Error: failed to initialize speculative decoding state.\n");
        llama_free(draft_ctx);
        draft_ctx = nullptr;
        draft_is_mtp = false;
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

static void mtp_decoding_setup(llama_model * main_model, llama_context * main_ctx, const llama_context_params & base_ctx_params)
{
    if(main_model == nullptr || main_model->hparams.n_layer_nextn <= 0)
    {
        printf("Warning: --usemtp was enabled, but this model does not expose built-in MTP layers. MTP will not be used.\n");
        draft_is_mtp = false;
        return;
    }

    llama_context_params mtp_ctx_params = base_ctx_params;
    mtp_ctx_params.ctx_type = LLAMA_CONTEXT_TYPE_MTP;
    mtp_ctx_params.ctx_other = main_ctx;
    mtp_ctx_params.n_rs_seq = 0;
    mtp_ctx_params.n_outputs_max = 1;

    printf("\nAttempting to create built-in MTP context from the main model.\n");
    draft_ctx = llama_init_from_model(main_model, mtp_ctx_params);
    if(draft_ctx == nullptr)
    {
        printf("Error: failed to create built-in MTP context. MTP will not be used!\n");
        draft_is_mtp = false;
        return;
    }

    draft_is_mtp = true;
    speculative_state_setup(main_ctx, mtp_ctx_params, 0, COMMON_SPECULATIVE_TYPE_DRAFT_MTP);
}

//loads a model for speculative decoding.
static void speculative_decoding_setup(std::string spec_model_filename, llama_context * main_ctx, const llama_model_params & base_model_params, const llama_context_params & base_ctx_params, int base_n_vocab, const float * draft_gpusplit, int draft_gpulayers)
{
    llama_model_params draft_model_params = llama_model_default_params();
    llama_context_params draft_ctx_params = llama_context_default_params();

    draft_model_params.use_mmap = base_model_params.use_mmap;
    draft_model_params.use_mlock = base_model_params.use_mlock;
    draft_model_params.use_direct_io = base_model_params.use_direct_io;
    draft_model_params.n_gpu_layers = draft_gpulayers; //layers offload the speculative model.
    draft_model_params.devices = base_model_params.devices;
    draft_ctx_params.n_ctx = base_ctx_params.n_ctx;
    draft_ctx_params.offload_kqv = base_ctx_params.offload_kqv;
    draft_model_params.main_gpu = base_model_params.main_gpu;
    draft_model_params.split_mode = llama_split_mode::LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_LAYER;
    draft_ctx_params.kv_unified = base_ctx_params.kv_unified;
    #if defined(GGML_USE_CUDA) || defined(GGML_USE_VULKAN)
    bool ts_all_zero = true;
    for (int i = 0; i < tensor_split_max; ++i) {
        if (draft_gpusplit[i] != 0.0f) {
            ts_all_zero = false;
            break;
        }
    }
    if(!ts_all_zero)
    {
        printf("\nApplying Draft GPU Split...\n");
        draft_model_params.tensor_split = draft_gpusplit;
    }
    #endif
    draft_ctx_params.n_batch = base_ctx_params.n_batch;
    draft_ctx_params.n_ubatch = base_ctx_params.n_ubatch;
    draft_ctx_params.n_threads = base_ctx_params.n_threads;
    draft_ctx_params.n_threads_batch =  base_ctx_params.n_threads_batch;
    draft_ctx_params.flash_attn_type = base_ctx_params.flash_attn_type;
    draft_ctx_params.type_k = base_ctx_params.type_k;
    draft_ctx_params.type_v = base_ctx_params.type_v;
    draft_ctx_params.swa_full = base_ctx_params.swa_full;

    llama_model * draftmodel = llama_model_load_from_file(spec_model_filename.c_str(), draft_model_params);
    if(draftmodel == nullptr)
    {
        printf("Error: failed to load speculative decoding draft model '%s'\n", spec_model_filename.c_str());
        printf("Speculative Decoding will not be used!\n");
        draft_is_mtp = false;
        return;
    }
    draft_is_mtp = draftmodel && draftmodel->hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0;
    if(draft_is_mtp)
    {
        printf("Detected MTP draft head, using llama.cpp MTP speculative decoding.\n");
        draft_ctx_params.ctx_type = LLAMA_CONTEXT_TYPE_MTP;
        draft_ctx_params.ctx_other = main_ctx;
        draft_ctx_params.n_rs_seq = speculative_chunk_amt;
    }
    draft_ctx = llama_init_from_model(draftmodel, draft_ctx_params);
    if(draft_ctx == NULL)
    {
        printf("Error: failed to load speculative decoding draft model '%s'\n", spec_model_filename.c_str());
        printf("Speculative Decoding will not be used!\n");
        draft_is_mtp = false;
    }
    else
    {
        const llama_vocab * tmpvocab = llama_model_get_vocab(draftmodel);
        int draftvocab = llama_vocab_n_tokens(tmpvocab);
        if(!draft_is_mtp && (llama_model_is_recurrent(draftmodel) || llama_model_is_hybrid(draftmodel)))
        {
            printf("Error: Speculative decoding cannot be used with Recurrent draft models!\n");
            llama_free(draft_ctx);
            draft_ctx = nullptr;
        }
        else if(draftvocab!=base_n_vocab)
        {
            if(debugmode==1)
            {
                printf("WARNING: Draft model vocab of (%d) does not match base vocab of (%d).\nIn debug mode, this restriction is bypassed. However, speculative decoding may malfunction!\n",draftvocab,base_n_vocab);
            }
            else
            {
                int diff = abs(draftvocab-base_n_vocab);
                if(diff <= 256)
                {
                    //allow small differences to work
                    printf("WARNING: Draft model vocab of (%d) does not match base vocab of (%d).\nSpeculative decoding may malfunction!\n",draftvocab,base_n_vocab);
                } else {
                    printf("Error: Draft model vocab of (%d) is too different from base vocab of (%d). Speculative decoding cannot be used!\n",draftvocab,base_n_vocab);
                    printf("If you REALLY want to override this, run in --debugmode and this restriction will be disabled. However, you might encounter unwanted results!\n");
                    llama_free(draft_ctx);
                    draft_ctx = nullptr;
                    draft_is_mtp = false;
                }

            }
        }

        if(draft_ctx && draft_is_mtp)
        {
            speculative_state_setup(main_ctx, draft_ctx_params, draft_gpulayers, COMMON_SPECULATIVE_TYPE_DRAFT_MTP);
        }
        else if(draft_ctx)
        {
            speculative_state_setup(main_ctx, draft_ctx_params, draft_gpulayers, COMMON_SPECULATIVE_TYPE_DRAFT_SIMPLE);
        }
    }
}

static int32_t kcpp_decode_main_and_spec(llama_context * main_ctx, llama_batch batch)
{
    const int32_t decode_status = llama_decode(main_ctx, batch);
    if(decode_status == 0 && draft_spec)
    {
        if(draft_ctx && llama_get_ctx_other(draft_ctx) != main_ctx && batch.n_tokens > 0 && batch.n_seq_id[0] > 0)
        {
            llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(draft_ctx), batch.seq_id[0][0], batch.pos[0], -1);
        }
        if(!common_speculative_process(draft_spec, batch))
        {
            printf("\nERROR: Speculative state update failed!\n");
            return -1;
        }
    }
    return decode_status;
}

static speculative_draft_result speculative_decoding_eval_chunk(llama_context * main_ctx, const llama_tokens & embd, const int & n_past)
{
    speculative_draft_result results;
    results.draft_success = false;
    if(embd.size()!=1 || draft_spec==nullptr)
    {
        printf("\nERROR: Speculative decoding applied to invalid batch!\n");
        return results;
    }

    std::vector<llama_token> drafted_ids;
    llama_tokens prompt_tokens;
    const int n_draft_max = std::min(speculative_chunk_amt, std::max(0, remaining_tokens - 1));
    if(n_draft_max <= 0)
    {
        return results;
    }

    auto & dp = common_speculative_get_draft_params(draft_spec, 0);
    dp.drafting = true;
    dp.n_max = n_draft_max;
    dp.n_past = n_past;
    dp.id_last = embd[0];
    dp.prompt = &prompt_tokens;
    dp.result = &drafted_ids;

    common_speculative_draft(draft_spec);
    if(drafted_ids.empty())
    {
        printf("\nERROR: Draft model produced no draft tokens!\n");
        return results;
    }

    std::vector<llama_token> real_embd;
    real_embd.reserve(drafted_ids.size());
    real_embd.push_back(embd[0]);
    for(size_t i = 0; i + 1 < drafted_ids.size(); ++i)
    {
        real_embd.push_back(drafted_ids[i]);
    }

    results.verify_tokens.assign(real_embd.begin(), real_embd.end());
    results.verify_n_past = n_past;

    if(mtp_uses_spec_checkpoint)
    {
        mtp_spec_ckpt.clear();
        mtp_spec_ckpt.update_pos(n_past,
            llama_memory_seq_pos_min(llama_get_memory(main_ctx), 0),
            llama_memory_seq_pos_max(llama_get_memory(main_ctx), 0));
        mtp_spec_ckpt.update_tgt(main_ctx, 0, LLAMA_STATE_SEQ_FLAGS_PARTIAL_ONLY);
        if(draft_ctx)
        {
            mtp_spec_ckpt.update_dft(draft_ctx, 0, LLAMA_STATE_SEQ_FLAGS_PARTIAL_ONLY);
        }
    }

    kcpp_embd_batch batch = kcpp_embd_batch(real_embd, n_past, use_mrope, true);
    const int32_t decode_status = kcpp_decode_main_and_spec(main_ctx, batch.batch);
    if(decode_status != 0)
    {
        printf("\nERROR: Speculative verification failed! (code:%d)\n", decode_status);
        return results;
    }

    results.drafted_amount = drafted_ids.size();
    for(size_t i = 0; i < drafted_ids.size(); ++i)
    {
        results.draftids.push_back(drafted_ids[i]);
        results.actual_logits.push_back(llama_get_logits_ith(main_ctx, (int32_t)i));
    }
    results.draft_success = true;
    return results;
}

// KCPP SAMPLING FUNCTIONS
void sample_softmax(llama_token_data_array * cur_p, bool do_sort=true) {
    if(!(cur_p->size > 0))
    {
        throw std::runtime_error("No valid candidates during sampling. Current request aborted!");
    }
    GGML_ASSERT(cur_p->size > 0);
    // Sort the logits in descending order
    if (!cur_p->sorted && do_sort) {
        std::sort(cur_p->data, cur_p->data + cur_p->size, [](const llama_token_data & a, const llama_token_data & b) {
            return a.logit > b.logit;
        });
        cur_p->sorted = true;
    }
    float max_l = cur_p->data[0].logit;
    if (!cur_p->sorted) {
        for (size_t i = 1; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
            max_l = std::max(max_l, cur_p->data[i].logit);
        }
    }
    float cum_sum = 0.0f;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        float p = expf(cur_p->data[i].logit - max_l);
        cur_p->data[i].p = p;
        cum_sum += p;
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        cur_p->data[i].p /= cum_sum;
    }
}

void sample_top_k(llama_token_data_array * cur_p, int32_t k) {
    // TODO: move bucket sort to separate function so that top_p/tail_free/typical/softmax first is equally fast
    // if (k >= (int32_t)cur_p->size) {
    //     return;
    // }

    if (k <= 0) {
        k = cur_p->size;
    }

    k = std::max(k, (int) 1); //min keep of 1
    k = std::min(k, (int) cur_p->size);

    // Sort scores in descending order
    if (!cur_p->sorted) {
        auto comp = [](const llama_token_data & a, const llama_token_data & b) {
            return a.logit > b.logit;
        };
        if (k <= 128) {
            std::partial_sort(cur_p->data, cur_p->data + k, cur_p->data + cur_p->size, comp);
        } else {
            constexpr int   nbuckets     = 128;
            constexpr float bucket_low   = -10.0f;
            constexpr float bucket_high  =  10.0f;
            constexpr float bucket_scale = nbuckets/(bucket_high - bucket_low);
            constexpr float bucket_inter = -bucket_low * bucket_scale;

            static thread_local std::vector<int> bucket_idx;
            static thread_local std::vector<int> histo;
            static thread_local std::vector<llama_token_data> tmp_tokens;
            static thread_local std::vector<llama_token_data*> bucket_ptrs;

            bucket_idx.resize(cur_p->size);
            histo.assign(nbuckets, 0);

            for (int i = 0; i < (int)cur_p->size; ++i) {
                const float val = cur_p->data[i].logit;
                int ib = int(bucket_scale * val + bucket_inter); //nbuckets * (val - bucket_low) / (bucket_high - bucket_low);
                ib = std::max(0, std::min(nbuckets-1, ib));
                bucket_idx[i] = ib;
                ++histo[ib];
            }
            int nhave = 0;
            int ib = nbuckets - 1;
            for ( ; ib >= 0; --ib) {
                nhave += histo[ib];
                if (nhave >= k) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            tmp_tokens.resize(nhave);
            auto * ptr = tmp_tokens.data();
            bucket_ptrs.clear();
            bucket_ptrs.reserve(nbuckets - ib);
            for (int j = nbuckets - 1; j >= ib; --j) {
                bucket_ptrs.push_back(ptr);
                ptr += histo[j];
            }
            for (int i = 0; i < (int)cur_p->size; ++i) {
                int j = bucket_idx[i];
                if (j >= ib) {
                    *bucket_ptrs[nbuckets-1-j]++ = cur_p->data[i];
                }
            }

            ptr = tmp_tokens.data();
            int ndone = 0;
            for (int j = nbuckets-1; j > ib; --j) {
                std::sort(ptr, ptr + histo[j], comp);
                ptr += histo[j];
                ndone += histo[j];
            }
            std::partial_sort(ptr, ptr + k - ndone, ptr + histo[ib], comp);

            std::memcpy(cur_p->data, tmp_tokens.data(), k*sizeof(llama_token_data));

        }
        cur_p->sorted = true;
    }
    cur_p->size = k;
}

llama_token sample_token(llama_token_data_array * candidates, std::mt19937 & rng)
{
    sample_softmax(candidates);

    std::uniform_real_distribution<float> dist(0.0f, 1.0f);
    float roll = dist(rng);
    int idx = (int)candidates->size - 1;
    float cum_sum = 0.0f;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < candidates->size; ++i) {
        cum_sum += candidates->data[i].p;
        if (roll <= cum_sum) {
            idx = (int)i;
            break;
        }
    }

    TopPicksData newpick;
    newpick.tokens.reserve(std::min((size_t) logprobs_max, candidates->size));
    newpick.tokenid.reserve(std::min((size_t) logprobs_max, candidates->size));
    newpick.logprobs.reserve(std::min((size_t) logprobs_max, candidates->size));
    newpick.p.reserve(std::min((size_t) logprobs_max, candidates->size));

    newpick.selected_token = FileFormatTokenizeID(candidates->data[idx].id, file_format, true);
    float rp1 = (candidates->data[idx].p<=0.0001?0.0001f:candidates->data[idx].p);
    float sprob = logf(rp1);
    sprob = (sprob > 999.0f?999.0f:sprob);
    sprob = (sprob < -999.0f?-999.0f:sprob);
    newpick.selected_logprob = sprob;
    newpick.selected_probability = candidates->data[idx].p;
    newpick.selected_tokenid = candidates->data[idx].id;
    for (size_t i = 0; (i < candidates->size && i<logprobs_max); ++i)
    {
        newpick.tokens.push_back(FileFormatTokenizeID(candidates->data[i].id, file_format, true));
        float rp2 = (candidates->data[i].p<=0.0001?0.0001f:candidates->data[i].p);
        float prob = logf(rp2);
        prob = (prob > 999.0f?999.0f:prob);
        prob = (prob < -999.0f?-999.0f:prob);
        newpick.logprobs.push_back(prob);
        newpick.p.push_back(candidates->data[i].p);
        newpick.tokenid.push_back(candidates->data[i].id);
    }

    top_picks_history.push_back(newpick);

    llama_token result = candidates->data[idx].id;
    return result;
}

llama_token sample_token_mirostat(int n_vocab, llama_token_data_array * candidates, std::mt19937 & rng, float tau, float eta, int m, float * mu)
{
    float N = float(n_vocab);
    sample_softmax(candidates);
    // Estimate s_hat using the most probable m tokens
    float s_hat = 0.0;
    float sum_ti_bi = 0.0;
    float sum_ti_sq = 0.0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < size_t(m - 1) && i < candidates->size - 1; ++i) {
        float t_i = logf(float(i + 2) / float(i + 1));
        float b_i = logf(candidates->data[i].p / candidates->data[i + 1].p);
        sum_ti_bi += t_i * b_i;
        sum_ti_sq += t_i * t_i;
    }
    s_hat = sum_ti_bi / sum_ti_sq;
    // Compute k from the estimated s_hat and target surprise value
    float epsilon_hat = s_hat - 1;
    float k = powf((epsilon_hat * powf(2, *mu)) / (1 - powf(N, -epsilon_hat)), 1 / s_hat);
    // Sample the next word X using top-k sampling
    sample_top_k(candidates, int(k));
    llama_token X = sample_token(candidates, rng);    // Compute error as the difference between observed surprise and target surprise value
    size_t X_idx = std::distance(candidates->data, std::find_if(candidates->data, candidates->data + candidates->size, [&](const llama_token_data & candidate) {
        return candidate.id == X;
    }));
    float observed_surprise = -log2f(candidates->data[X_idx].p);
    float e = observed_surprise - tau;
    // Update mu using the learning rate and error
    *mu = *mu - eta * e;
    return X;
}

llama_token sample_token_mirostat_v2(llama_token_data_array * candidates, std::mt19937 & rng, float tau, float eta, float * mu)
{
    sample_softmax(candidates);
    // Truncate the words with surprise values greater than mu
    candidates->size = std::distance(candidates->data, std::find_if(candidates->data, candidates->data + candidates->size, [&](const llama_token_data & candidate) {
        return -log2f(candidate.p) > *mu;
    }));

    if (candidates->size == 0) {
        candidates->size = 1;
    }

    // Normalize the probabilities of the remaining words
    sample_softmax(candidates);
    // Sample the next word X from the remaining words
    llama_token X = sample_token(candidates,rng);

    // Compute error as the difference between observed surprise and target surprise value
    size_t X_idx = std::distance(candidates->data, std::find_if(candidates->data, candidates->data + candidates->size, [&](const llama_token_data & candidate) {
        return candidate.id == X;
    }));
    float observed_surprise = -log2f(candidates->data[X_idx].p);
    float e = observed_surprise - tau;
    // Update mu using the learning rate and error
    *mu = *mu - eta * e;
    return X;
}

// Top-a (remove all tokens that have softmax probability less than top_a*m^2 where m is the maximum softmax probability)
// top-a 0 is off (no effect)
void sample_top_a(llama_token_data_array * candidates, float a, size_t min_keep) {
    if (a <= 0.0f || candidates->size<=1) {
        return;
    }

    sample_softmax(candidates);

    // Compute the cumulative probabilities
    float maxprob = candidates->data[0].p;

    float threshold = a * maxprob * maxprob; //tokens with probs less than this are removed
    size_t last_idx = candidates->size;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < candidates->size; ++i) {
        // Go until we reach a value under the threshold
        float checkprob = candidates->data[i].p;
        if (checkprob < threshold && i >= min_keep) {
            last_idx = i;
            break;
        }
    }
    // printf("\n\nCandidates: %d, A:%f, MaxProb: %f, Threshold: %f, LastIdx: %d",candidates->size,a,maxprob,threshold,last_idx);
    // printf("\nCandidates: %f %f %f %f\n",candidates->data[0].p,candidates->data[1].p,candidates->data[2].p,candidates->data[3].p);

    // Resize the output vector to keep only the selected tokens
    candidates->size = last_idx;
}

void sample_xtc(llama_token_data_array * candidates, float xtc_threshold, float xtc_probability, std::mt19937 & rng)
{
    if (xtc_threshold > 0.5f || xtc_probability <= 0.0f || candidates->size <= 1) {
        return;
    }

    std::uniform_real_distribution<float> dist(0.0f, 1.0f);
    float roll = dist(rng);
    if(roll>=xtc_probability) //if dice roll fails, skip xtc
    {
        return;
    }

    sample_softmax(candidates);

    //calculate how many tokens cross the xtc threshold
    size_t last_idx = candidates->size;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < candidates->size; ++i) {
        // Go until we reach a value under the threshold
        float checkprob = candidates->data[i].p;
        if (checkprob < xtc_threshold) {
            last_idx = i;
            break;
        }
    }

    if(last_idx>1) //if there are 2 or more viable candidates
    {
        if (debugmode==1 && !is_quiet) {
            printf("XTC penalties [");
        }
        // then remove all other tokens above threshold EXCEPT the least likely one
        for (size_t i = 0; i < last_idx - 1; ++i) {
            if (debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
            {
                gpt_vocab::id token = candidates->data[i].id;
                std::string tokenizedstr = FileFormatTokenizeID(token, file_format);
                ::utreplace(tokenizedstr, "\n", "\\n");
                printf("%s(%s %.02f%%)", i == 0 ? "" : " ", RemoveBell(tokenizedstr).c_str(), 100.f * candidates->data[i].p);
            }
            candidates->data[i].logit -= 999.0f; //infinity gets wonky results downstream, this hack works well enough
        }
        if (debugmode==1 && !is_quiet) {
            printf("]\n");
        }
        candidates->sorted = false;

    }  //otherwise xtc does not do anything

    // printf("\n\nCandidates: %d, Threshold: %f, LastIdx: %d",candidates->size,xtc_threshold,last_idx);
    // printf("\nCandidates: %f %f %f %f\n",candidates->data[0].p,candidates->data[1].p,candidates->data[2].p,candidates->data[3].p);

}

void sample_dry(int n_ctx, int penalty_range, float penalty_multiplier, float penalty_base, int allowed_length, const std::unordered_multimap<gpt_vocab::id, std::vector<gpt_vocab::id>>& restart_sequences, llama_token_data_array * candidates) {
    if (penalty_multiplier <= 0.0f || penalty_base <= 0.0f) {
        return;
    }
    if (penalty_range <= 0 || penalty_range>n_ctx) {
        penalty_range = n_ctx;
    }
    auto last_n_repeat = std::min(std::min((int)current_context_tokens.size(), penalty_range), n_ctx);
    if (last_n_repeat <= allowed_length) {
        return;
    }
    const llama_token * last_tokens = current_context_tokens.data() + current_context_tokens.size() - last_n_repeat;

    dry_repeat_count.assign(last_n_repeat, 0);
    dry_max_token_repeat.clear();

    // Step 1: Look for restart sequences to limit the maximum repetition length.
    // Work backwards through the context looking for any token that begins a restart sequence.
    //
    // The collection `restart_sequences` is a mapping from a "head" token to all "tail"
    // sequences that together comprise a restart sequence. This allows us to quickly check
    // whether each token is the head of a complete sequence. Most restart sequences are actually
    // a single token, and for these the "tail" is an empty vector.
    //
    // If the token is a "head", test all restart sequences that begin with this token
    // (there will often only be one sequence for each token, but if sequences like 'aaaq1' and
    // 'aaa1' are used as restart strings, both could start with 'aaa' when tokenized). The
    // longest matching sequence (if any) is used to limit the maximum repetition length.
    //
    // Note that in the case case of a short sequence contained in a longer one, this might fail to
    // find the smallest value for `rep_limit`. For example, if 'amniotic' and 'ni' are both used as
    // restart sequences, 'ni' will be found first, and since it's shorter it will fail to suppress
    // 'otic'. This is a minor issue since fully contained restart sequences are likely to be rare.
    //
    // This is theoretically worst-case O(N^2) for arbitrary restart sequences, which is why we
    // have already clamped the maximum tail sequence length when generating `restart_sequences`.
    // With clamping, this scan is O(N) in the context length.

    int rep_limit = last_n_repeat;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < last_n_repeat; ++i) {
        size_t ix = last_n_repeat - 1 - i;
        auto its = restart_sequences.equal_range(last_tokens[ix]);
        if (its.first == restart_sequences.end()) {
            continue;
        }
        int longest_match = -1;
        for (auto it = its.first; it != its.second; ++it) {
            // Note that (*it) does not contain the head character, so seq_len will be
            // the restart sequence length minus 1.
            // In the common case of a single-token restart sequence, (*it) will be empty
            // and we will trivially match.
            int seq_len = (int)it->second.size();
            if (seq_len > longest_match && seq_len <= i) {
                bool match = true;
                for (size_t offset = 0; offset < seq_len; ++offset) {
                    // The +1 when indexing `last_tokens` is because we already matched the head.
                    if (it->second[offset] != last_tokens[ix + 1 + offset]) {
                        match = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (match) {
                    longest_match = seq_len;
                }
            }
        }
        if (longest_match >= 0) {
            // We found a restart sequence starting `i` tokens from the end and continuing for
            // `longest_match` tokens.
            rep_limit = (int)i - longest_match;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (rep_limit <= allowed_length) {
        return;
    }

    // Step 2: Iterate in reverse over the last N tokens of the context, using the "Z-algorithm" (in
    // the reverse direction) to efficiently compute the positions and lengths of suffixes appearing
    // elsewhere in the context. We limit the suffix length to `rep_limit` to respect restart sequences.
    //
    // This algorithm is not currently documented on Wikipedia, but there is a clear description here:
    // https://ivanyu.me/blog/2014/10/15/z-algorithm/
    //
    // The code below is adapted from the public domain implementation by the same author here:
    // https://github.com/ivanyu/string-algorithms/blob/master/z_algorithm.py
    //
    // Example:
    // Last N tokens: a b c c b c y a b c
    // Repeat counts: 0 0 3 1 0 2 0 0 0 0
    //                    ^
    //   This `3` means that the last three tokens of the context (a b c) also appear here.
    //
    // This step is worst case O(N) since the Z-algorithm is linear, despite the appearance of nested
    // for/while loops. This can be seen by observing that the `lt` and `rt` bounds are set after each
    // repeated suffix is detected (i.e. after each while loop when n > 0). These bound variables
    // ensure that the inner while loops only examine each token in the context once as the outer
    // for loop iterates over the context.

    {
        const int last = last_n_repeat - 1;
        int rt = 0, lt = 0;

        for (int k = 1; k < last_n_repeat; ++k) {
            if (k > rt) {
                // If k is outside the current Z-box, do naive computation.
                int n = 0;
                while (n + k < last_n_repeat && last_tokens[last - n] == last_tokens[last - (n+k)]) {
                    ++n;
                }
                dry_repeat_count[last - k] = std::min(n, rep_limit);
                if (n > 0) {
                    lt = k;
                    rt = k+n-1;
                }
            } else {
                // If k is inside the current Z-box, consider two cases.

                int p = k - lt; // Pair index.
                int right_part_len = rt - k + 1;

                if (dry_repeat_count[last - p] < right_part_len) {
                    int n = std::min(dry_repeat_count[last - p], rep_limit);
                    dry_repeat_count[last - k] = n;
                } else {
                    int i = rt + 1;
                    while (i < last_n_repeat && last_tokens[last - i] == last_tokens[last - (i - k)]) {
                        i += 1;
                    }

                    int n = std::min(i - k, rep_limit);
                    dry_repeat_count[last - k] = n;

                    lt = k;
                    rt = i - 1;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Step 3: Iterate over dry_repeat_count and last_tokens, examining the maximum repeat length
    // that would be generated by emitting each new token that would extend a sequence.
    //
    // Following the same example as above:
    // Last N tokens: a b c c b c y a b c
    // Repeat counts: 0 0 3 1 0 2 0 0 0 0
    //
    // For each non-zero, look ahead one token. This token, if emitted, would extend the repetition.
    // c: 3 -> 4 (from `a b c` to `a b c c`)
    // b: 1 -> 2 (from `c` to `c b`)
    // y: 2 -> 3 (from `b c` to `b c y`)

    for (size_t i = 0; i < last_n_repeat - 1; ++i) {
        int repeat_len = dry_repeat_count[i];
        if (repeat_len >= allowed_length) {
            // This token ends a repeat, so the next token would continue one.
            // By convention, the value of `repeat_len` only includes the tokens currently
            // in the context, not the new token that would be added.
            gpt_vocab::id token = last_tokens[i + 1];
            // Track the maximum sequence ending in this token.
            const auto& it = dry_max_token_repeat.find(token);
            if (it == dry_max_token_repeat.end() || it->second < repeat_len) {
                dry_max_token_repeat[token] = repeat_len;
            }
        }
    }

    // Step 4: Apply logit penalties based on the maximum repeat length for relevant tokens.

    // Prevent floating point overflow in `pow(penalty_base, exponent)` by clamping to `max_exponent`.
    // Compute it from `penalty_base` and the approximate log of `std::numeric_limits<float>::max()`
    const float FLOAT_MAX_LOG = 88.7228391f;
    int max_exponent = 0;
    if (penalty_base > 1.000001f) {
        max_exponent = FLOAT_MAX_LOG / std::log(penalty_base);
    }

    if (debugmode==1 && !is_quiet && !dry_max_token_repeat.empty()) {
        printf("DRY penalties [");
    }
    size_t count = 0;
    for (const auto& kvp: dry_max_token_repeat) {
        gpt_vocab::id token = kvp.first;
        int repeat_exp = kvp.second - allowed_length;
        if (max_exponent > 0 && repeat_exp > max_exponent) {
            repeat_exp = max_exponent;
        }
        float penalty = penalty_multiplier * pow(penalty_base, repeat_exp);
        if (debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
        {
            std::string tokenizedstr = FileFormatTokenizeID(token, file_format);
            ::utreplace(tokenizedstr, "\n", "\\n");
            printf("%s(%s %.02f)", count == 0 ? "" : " ", RemoveBell(tokenizedstr).c_str(), penalty);
        }
        candidates->data[token].logit -= penalty;
        ++count;
    }
    if(count>0)
    {
        candidates->sorted = false;
    }
    if (debugmode==1 && !is_quiet && !dry_max_token_repeat.empty()) {
        printf("]\n");
    }
}

void sample_adaptive_p(
float target,            // desired average probability (0..1), <=0 disables
float & weighted_sum,    // persistent EMA state
float & total_weight,    // persistent EMA state
llama_token_data_array * cur_p)
{
    const float width = 0.3;              // DISTRIBUTION_WIDTH
    const float peak_logit = 5.0;         // PEAK_LOGIT_VALUE
    const float inv_width = 1.0f / width; // INV_WIDTH

    if (target <= 0.0f || cur_p->size == 0) {
        return;
    }

    // target is the desired average probability for selected tokens (0.0 to 1.0)
    // higher values favor more probable tokens (more stable and predictable)
    // lower values favor less probable tokens (more creative)

    sample_softmax(cur_p);

    // compute the adapted target probability for the current sampling step
    float computed_target = std::clamp(total_weight == 0.0f ? target : 2.0f * target - (weighted_sum / total_weight),0.0f, 1.0f);

    // adaptive p transform
    const float k = 10.0f; // controls sharpness
    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        float dist = (cur_p->data[i].p - computed_target) * inv_width;
        float abs_dist = fabs(dist);
        cur_p->data[i].logit = peak_logit - k * abs_dist * (abs_dist / (1.0f + abs_dist));
    }

    cur_p->sorted = false;
    sample_softmax(cur_p);

    //update EMA history AFTER sampling, update_adaptive_p_history(original_prob[idx])
}
inline void adaptive_p_update_history(float selected_token_prob, float & weighted_sum, float & total_weight, float adaptive_decay) {
    // decay controls how quickly history influence fades (0.0 to 0.99)
    // lower values = faster adaptation, more reactive to recent tokens
    // higher values = slower adaptation, more stable over time
    // keep <= 0.99 to prevent unbounded accumulation
    weighted_sum = selected_token_prob + adaptive_decay * weighted_sum;
    total_weight = 1.0f + adaptive_decay * total_weight;
}


void sample_rep_pen(int n_ctx, int rep_pen_range, float rep_pen, float rep_pen_slope, float presence_penalty, llama_token_data_array * candidates_p)
{
    auto last_n_repeat = std::min(std::min((int)last_n_tokens.size(), rep_pen_range), n_ctx);

    const llama_token * last_tokens =  last_n_tokens.data() + last_n_tokens.size() - last_n_repeat;
    size_t last_tokens_size = last_n_repeat;
    llama_token_data_array * candidates = candidates_p;

    if (last_tokens_size == 0 || (rep_pen == 1.0f && presence_penalty==0)) {
        return;
    }

    static thread_local std::vector<uint8_t> token_marks;
    static thread_local std::vector<llama_token> touched_tokens;
    if(token_marks.size() < (size_t)n_vocab)
    {
        token_marks.resize(n_vocab, 0);
    }
    touched_tokens.clear();

    const size_t split = last_n_repeat / 2;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < split; ++i) {
        const llama_token tok = last_tokens[i];
        if(tok < 0)
        {
            continue;
        }
        if((size_t)tok >= token_marks.size())
        {
            token_marks.resize((size_t)tok + 1, 0);
        }
        if(token_marks[tok] == 0)
        {
            touched_tokens.push_back(tok);
        }
        token_marks[tok] = 1;
    }
    for (size_t i = split; i < last_tokens_size; ++i) {
        const llama_token tok = last_tokens[i];
        if(tok < 0)
        {
            continue;
        }
        if((size_t)tok >= token_marks.size())
        {
            token_marks.resize((size_t)tok + 1, 0);
        }
        if(token_marks[tok] == 0)
        {
            touched_tokens.push_back(tok);
        }
        token_marks[tok] = 2;
    }

    float rep_pen_reduced = rep_pen;
    if(rep_pen_reduced>1.0f)
    {
       rep_pen_reduced = 1.0f + ((rep_pen-1.0f)*rep_pen_slope);
    }
    for (size_t i = 0; i < candidates->size; ++i) {
        const llama_token tok = candidates->data[i].id;
        const uint8_t token_mark = tok >= 0 && (size_t)tok < token_marks.size() ? token_marks[tok] : 0;
        if (token_mark == 0) {
            continue;
        }

        float penalty = (token_mark == 2 ? rep_pen : rep_pen_reduced);

        // The academic publication that described this technique actually just only divided, but that would cause tokens with negative logits to become more likely, which is obviously wrong.
        // This is common fix for this problem, which is to multiply by the penalty instead of dividing.
        if (candidates->data[i].logit <= 0) {
            candidates->data[i].logit *= penalty;
        } else {
            candidates->data[i].logit /= penalty;
        }

        candidates->data[i].logit -= presence_penalty;
    }

    for (llama_token tok : touched_tokens)
    {
        token_marks[tok] = 0;
    }

    candidates->sorted = false;
}

void sample_top_p(llama_token_data_array * cur_p, float p, size_t min_keep) {
    if (p >= 1.0f) {
        return;
    }

    sample_softmax(cur_p);

    // Compute the cumulative probabilities
    float cum_sum = 0.0f;
    size_t last_idx = cur_p->size;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        cum_sum += cur_p->data[i].p;

        // Check if the running sum is at least p or if we have kept at least min_keep tokens
        // we set the last index to i+1 to indicate that the current iterate should be included in the set
        if (cum_sum >= p && i + 1 >= min_keep) {
            last_idx = i + 1;
            break;
        }
    }

    // Resize the output vector to keep only the top-p tokens
    cur_p->size = last_idx;
}

void sample_min_p(llama_token_data_array * cur_p, float p, size_t min_keep) {
    if (p <= 0.0f || !cur_p->size) {
        return;
    }

    bool min_p_applied = false;

    // if the cur_p aren't sorted, try the unsorted implementation first
    if (!cur_p->sorted) {
        std::vector<llama_token_data> filtered_tokens;

        float max_logit = -FLT_MAX;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
            max_logit = std::max(max_logit, cur_p->data[i].logit);
        }
        const float min_logit = max_logit + logf(p); // min logit for p_i >= p * p_max

        for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
            if (cur_p->data[i].logit >= min_logit) {
                filtered_tokens.push_back(cur_p->data[i]);
            }
        }

        // if we have enough values the operation was a success
        if (filtered_tokens.size() >= min_keep) {
            memcpy(cur_p->data, filtered_tokens.data(), filtered_tokens.size()*sizeof(llama_token_data));
            cur_p->size = filtered_tokens.size();
            min_p_applied = true;
        }
    }

    // if the cur_p are sorted or the unsorted implementation failed, use this implementation
    if (!min_p_applied) {
        // Sort the logits in descending order
        if (!cur_p->sorted) {
            std::sort(cur_p->data, cur_p->data + cur_p->size, [](const llama_token_data & a, const llama_token_data & b) {
                return a.logit > b.logit;
            });
            cur_p->sorted = true;
        }

        const float min_logit = cur_p->data[0].logit + logf(p); // min logit for p_i >= p * p_max
        size_t i = 1; // first token always matches

        for (; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
            if (cur_p->data[i].logit < min_logit && i >= min_keep) {
                break; // prob too small
            }
        }

        // Resize the output vector to keep only the matching tokens
        cur_p->size = i;
    }
}

void sample_tail_free(llama_token_data_array * cur_p, float z, size_t min_keep) {
    if (z >= 1.0f || cur_p->size <= 2) {
        return;
    }

    sample_softmax(cur_p);

    // Compute the first and second derivatives
    std::vector<float> second_derivatives(cur_p->size - 2);
    float second_derivatives_sum = 0.0f;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < second_derivatives.size(); ++i) {
        float first_derivatives_1 = cur_p->data[i].p - cur_p->data[i + 1].p;
        float first_derivatives_2 = cur_p->data[i + 1].p - cur_p->data[i + 2].p;
        second_derivatives[i] = std::abs(first_derivatives_1 - first_derivatives_2);
        second_derivatives_sum += second_derivatives[i];
    }

    // Normalize the second derivatives
    if (second_derivatives_sum > 1e-6f) {
        for (float & value : second_derivatives) {
            value /= second_derivatives_sum;
        }
    } else {
        for (float & value : second_derivatives) {
            value = 1.0f / second_derivatives.size();
        }
    }

    float cum_sum = 0.0f;
    size_t last_idx = cur_p->size;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < second_derivatives.size(); ++i) {
        cum_sum += second_derivatives[i];

        // Check if the running sum is greater than z or if we have kept at least min_keep tokens
        if (cum_sum > z && i >= min_keep) {
            last_idx = i;
            break;
        }
    }

    // Resize the output vector to keep only the tokens above the tail location
    cur_p->size = last_idx;
}

void sampler_typical(llama_token_data_array * cur_p, float p, size_t min_keep) {
    // Reference implementation:
    // https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/compare/main...cimeister:typical-sampling:typical-pr
    if (p >= 1.0f) {
        return;
    }

    // Compute the softmax of logits and calculate entropy
    sample_softmax(cur_p);

    float entropy = 0.0f;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        if(cur_p->data[i].p>0)
        {
            entropy += -cur_p->data[i].p * logf(cur_p->data[i].p);
        }
    }

    // Compute the absolute difference between negative log probability and entropy for each candidate
    std::vector<float> shifted_scores;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        float shifted_score = fabsf(-logf(cur_p->data[i].p) - entropy);
        shifted_scores.push_back(shifted_score);
    }

    // Sort tokens based on the shifted_scores and their corresponding indices
    std::vector<size_t> indices(cur_p->size);
    std::iota(indices.begin(), indices.end(), 0);

    std::sort(indices.begin(), indices.end(), [&](size_t a, size_t b) {
        return shifted_scores[a] < shifted_scores[b];
    });

    // Compute the cumulative probabilities
    float cum_sum = 0.0f;
    size_t last_idx = indices.size();

    for (size_t i = 0; i < indices.size(); ++i) {
        size_t idx = indices[i];
        cum_sum += cur_p->data[idx].p;

        // Check if the running sum is greater than typical or if we have kept at least min_keep tokens
        if (cum_sum > p && i >= min_keep - 1) {
            last_idx = i + 1;
            break;
        }
    }

    // Resize the output vector to keep only the locally typical tokens
    std::vector<llama_token_data> cur_p_new;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < last_idx; ++i) {
        size_t idx = indices[i];
        cur_p_new.push_back(cur_p->data[idx]);
    }

    // Replace the data in cur_p with the cur_p_new data
    std::copy(cur_p_new.begin(), cur_p_new.end(), cur_p->data);
    cur_p->size = cur_p_new.size();
    cur_p->sorted = false;
}

void sample_top_n_sigma(llama_token_data_array * cur_p, float nsigma) {
    if (nsigma <= 0.0f || cur_p->size <= 1) {
        return;
    }
    // find max logit and calculate mean
    float nsigmax    = cur_p->data[0].logit;
    float logits_sum = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        if (cur_p->data[i].logit > nsigmax) {
            nsigmax = cur_p->data[i].logit;
        }
        logits_sum += cur_p->data[i].logit;
    }
    float nsigmean = logits_sum / cur_p->size;

    // calculate standard deviation
    float nsigacc = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        nsigacc += pow(cur_p->data[i].logit - nsigmean, 2);
    }
    float nsigstd = sqrt(nsigacc / cur_p->size);

    //apply mask
    auto last   = std::remove_if(cur_p->data, cur_p->data + cur_p->size,
                                 [&](auto & tk) { return tk.logit < nsigmax - (nsigma * nsigstd); });
    cur_p->size = last - cur_p->data;

    sample_softmax(cur_p);
}

void sample_entropy(llama_token_data_array * cur_p, float min_temp, float max_temp, float exponent_val, float smoothing_factor, float smoothing_curve) {
    // no need to do anything if there is only one (or zero) candidates
    if (cur_p->size <= 1) {
        return;
    }

    // Calculate maximum possible entropy
    float max_entropy = -logf(1.0f / cur_p->size);

    sample_softmax(cur_p);

    // Calculate entropy of the softmax probabilities
    float entropy = 0.0f;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        float prob = cur_p->data[i].p;
        if (prob > 0.0f) { // Ensure no log(0)
            entropy -= prob * logf(prob);
        }
    }

    // Normalize the entropy (max_entropy cannot be 0 here because we checked cur_p->size != 1 above)
    float normalized_entropy = entropy / max_entropy;

    // Map the normalized entropy to the desired temperature range using the power function
    float dyn_temp = min_temp + (max_temp - min_temp) * powf(normalized_entropy, exponent_val);

    // Apply the dynamically calculated temperature scaling
    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        cur_p->data[i].logit /= dyn_temp;
    }

    // Re-compute softmax probabilities after scaling logits with dynamic temperature
    const double max_l_double = cur_p->data[0].logit;

    double cum_sum_double = 0.0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        double p = exp(cur_p->data[i].logit - max_l_double);
        cur_p->data[i].p = p; // Store the scaled probability
        cum_sum_double += p;
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
        cur_p->data[i].p /= cum_sum_double; // Re-normalize the probabilities
    }

    // Only apply smoothing if smoothing_factor is > 0. Do not change base implementation otherwise.
    if (smoothing_factor > 0 && cur_p->size > 1) {
        sample_softmax(cur_p);
        float h = cur_p->data[0].logit; // Find the maximum logit for h to be added after the transformation
        // Apply the modified quadratic transformation using the smoothing_factor and smoothing_curve
        for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
            float logit_shifted = cur_p->data[i].logit - h;
            float k = (3 - smoothing_curve) / 2;
            float s = (smoothing_curve - 1) / 2;
            cur_p->data[i].logit = -(k * smoothing_factor * logit_shifted * logit_shifted) + (s * smoothing_factor * logit_shifted * logit_shifted * logit_shifted) + h;
        }
        sample_softmax(cur_p);
    }

}

void sample_temperature(llama_token_data_array * candidates_p, float temp, float smoothing_factor, float smoothing_curve)
{
    if (temp <= 0)
    {
        sample_top_k(candidates_p, 1);  //only want first candidate
        return;
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < candidates_p->size; ++i) {
        candidates_p->data[i].logit /= temp;
    }
    // Only apply smoothing if smoothing_factor is > 0. Do not change base implementation otherwise.
    if (smoothing_factor > 0 && candidates_p->size > 1) {
        sample_softmax(candidates_p);
        float h = candidates_p->data[0].logit; // Find the maximum logit for h to be added after the transformation
        // Apply the modified quadratic transformation using the smoothing_factor and smoothing_curve
        for (size_t i = 0; i < candidates_p->size; ++i) {
            float logit_shifted = candidates_p->data[i].logit - h;
            float k = (3 - smoothing_curve) / 2;
            float s = (smoothing_curve - 1) / 2;
            candidates_p->data[i].logit = -(k * smoothing_factor * logit_shifted * logit_shifted) + (s * smoothing_factor * logit_shifted * logit_shifted * logit_shifted) + h;
        }
        sample_softmax(candidates_p);
    }
}

void sample_grammar(FileFormat file_format, int32_t n_vocab, llama_token_data_array * candidates, const struct llama_grammar * grammar) {

    const int64_t t_start_sample_us = ggml_time_us();

    bool allow_eos = false;
    for (const auto & stack : grammar->stacks) {
        if (stack.empty()) {
            allow_eos = true;
            break;
        }
    }

    const std::vector<llama_token> eog_tokens = GetEogIDs(file_format,n_vocab);

    std::vector<std::pair<std::vector<uint32_t>, llama_partial_utf8>> candidates_decoded;
    std::vector<llama_grammar_candidate>                              candidates_grammar;
    std::vector<uint8_t> rejects;
    candidates_decoded.reserve(candidates->size);
    candidates_grammar.reserve(candidates->size);
    rejects.assign(candidates->size, false);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < candidates->size; ++i) {
        const llama_token id    = candidates->data[i].id;
        const std::string piece = FileFormatTokenizeID(id,file_format);
        bool found_eog = std::find(eog_tokens.begin(), eog_tokens.end(), id) != eog_tokens.end();
        if (found_eog) {
            if (!allow_eos) {
                rejects[i] = true;
            }
        } else if (piece.empty() || piece[0] == 0) {
            rejects[i] = true;
        } else {
            candidates_decoded.push_back(decode_utf8(piece.c_str(), grammar->partial_utf8));
            candidates_grammar.push_back({ i, candidates_decoded.back().first.data(), candidates_decoded.back().second });
        }
    }

    for (auto reject: llama_grammar_reject_candidates(grammar->rules, grammar->stacks, candidates_grammar)) {
        rejects[reject.index] = true;
    }

    auto first = candidates->data;
    auto last  = first + candidates->size;
    last = std::remove_if(first, last,
                        [&](const llama_token_data & tk){ return rejects[&tk - first]; }); // tk.logit == -INFINITY; });
    candidates->size = last - first;
}

void sample_guidance(struct llama_context * ctx, struct llama_context * guidance_ctx, int n_vocab, float scale)
{
    float * guidanceLogitsPtr = llama_get_logits(guidance_ctx);
    float * mainLogitsPtr = llama_get_logits(ctx);

    if (scale < 0) {
        scale = 0;
    }

    if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
    {
        int topidx1 = std::max_element(mainLogitsPtr, mainLogitsPtr + n_vocab) - mainLogitsPtr;
        int topidx2 = std::max_element(guidanceLogitsPtr, guidanceLogitsPtr + n_vocab) - guidanceLogitsPtr;
        printf("\nMain: (id:%d val:%f data:%s) Guided: (id:%d val:%f data:%s)\n", topidx1, mainLogitsPtr[topidx1],
               FileFormatTokenizeID(topidx1, file_format, true).c_str(), topidx2, guidanceLogitsPtr[topidx2],
               FileFormatTokenizeID(topidx2, file_format, true).c_str());
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < n_vocab; ++i) {
        float logit_guidance = guidanceLogitsPtr[i];
        float logit_main = mainLogitsPtr[i];
        mainLogitsPtr[i] = scale * (logit_main-logit_guidance) + logit_guidance;
    }
}

static int apply_reasoning_budget(int id, const std::vector<int> & start_think, const std::vector<int> & end_think, std::vector<int> & think_end_phrase_toks, int budget)
{
    if(budget<0 || start_think.size()==0 || end_think.size()!=1 || think_end_phrase_toks.size()==0) //start_think can be 1-3 tokens long, end_think is always 1 token
    {
        return id;
    }

    int end_think_index = -1;
    int start_think_index = -1;
    int ctx_size = (int)current_context_tokens.size();

    for (int i = ctx_size - 1; i >= 0; --i) { // Search backwards for the latest end_think token
        if (end_think_index == -1 && current_context_tokens[i] == end_think[0]) {
            end_think_index = i;
        }
        if (start_think_index == -1) {  // Search backwards for the latest start_think sequence
            int seq_len = (int) start_think.size();
            if (i - seq_len + 1 >= 0) {
                bool match = true;
                for (int j = 0; j < seq_len; ++j) {
                    if (current_context_tokens[i - seq_len + 1 + j] != start_think[j]) {
                        match = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (match) {
                    start_think_index = i;  // index of the last token of the start_think sequence
                }
            }
        }
        if (start_think_index != -1 && end_think_index != -1) {  // Early exit once both are found
            break;
        }
    }

    if (start_think_index == -1) {  // If no start_think found, do nothing
        return id;
    }

    if (end_think_index != -1 && end_think_index > start_think_index) { // If end_think comes after start_think, thinking is already closed
        return id;
    }

    int tokens_since_start = ctx_size - 1 - start_think_index; // start_think is unclosed, check budget
    if (tokens_since_start >= budget) {
        int popped = think_end_phrase_toks[0]; // Force-close thinking by returning the end thinking phrase, pop front and return
        think_end_phrase_toks.erase(think_end_phrase_toks.begin()); // Elements shift left
        return popped;
    }

    return id;
}

int SampleLogits(const float * logits, int n_ctx, int n_vocab, int rep_pen_range, float rep_pen, float rep_pen_slope, float presence_penalty, float top_k, float top_a, float top_p, float min_p, float typical_p, float tfs, float nsigma, float temp, std::mt19937 & rng,
int mirostat, float mirostat_tau, float mirostat_eta, float dry_multiplier, float dry_base, int dry_allowed_length, int dry_penalty_last_n, float xtc_threshold, float xtc_probability,
const std::vector<samplers> & sampler_order, llama_grammar * grammar, float dynatemp_range, float dynatemp_exponent, float smoothing_factor, float smoothing_curve, float adaptive_target,
const std::vector<int> & think_start_seq, const std::vector<int> & think_end_seq, std::vector<int> & think_end_phrase_toks, int reasoning_budget)
{
    // printf("SampleLogits called with: n_ctx=%d, n_vocab=%d, rep_pen_range=%d, rep_pen=%f, rep_pen_slope=%f, presence_penalty=%f, top_k=%f, top_a=%f, top_p=%f, min_p=%f, typical_p=%f, tfs=%f, nsigma=%f, temp=%f, mirostat=%d, mirostat_tau=%f, mirostat_eta=%f, dry_multiplier=%f, dry_base=%f, dry_allowed_length=%d, dry_penalty_last_n=%d, xtc_threshold=%f, xtc_probability=%f, sampler_order_size=%zu, dynatemp_range=%f, dynatemp_exponent=%f, smoothing_factor=%f\n",
    // n_ctx, n_vocab, rep_pen_range, rep_pen, rep_pen_slope, presence_penalty, top_k, top_a, top_p, min_p, typical_p, tfs, nsigma, temp, mirostat, mirostat_tau, mirostat_eta, dry_multiplier, dry_base, dry_allowed_length, dry_penalty_last_n, xtc_threshold, xtc_probability, sampler_order.size(), dynatemp_range, dynatemp_exponent, smoothing_factor);

    static thread_local std::vector<llama_token_data> candidates;
    candidates.resize(n_vocab);
    for (llama_token token_id = 0; token_id < n_vocab; token_id++) {
        candidates[token_id] = llama_token_data{token_id, logits[token_id], 0.0f};
    }
    int id = 0;

    for(int i=0;i<logit_biases.size();++i)
    {
        auto & itm = logit_biases[i];
        candidates[itm.token_id].logit += itm.bias;
    }

    llama_token_data_array candidates_p = { candidates.data(), candidates.size(), false };

    //apply reasoning budget
    int newid = apply_reasoning_budget(id, think_start_seq, think_end_seq, think_end_phrase_toks, kcpp_data->reasoning_budget);
    if (id != newid) {
        if(!is_quiet && debugmode!=-1)
        {
            printf("\n(Reasoning Budget of %d tokens exceeded! Finishing thinking...)\n", kcpp_data->reasoning_budget);
        }
        candidates[newid].logit += 99999;
        sample_top_k(&candidates_p, 1);
        id = sample_token(&candidates_p, rng);
        return id;
    }

    //dry always first as logits cannot be resorted
    sample_dry(n_ctx, dry_penalty_last_n, dry_multiplier, dry_base, dry_allowed_length, dry_sequence_breakers, &candidates_p);

    //prefilter to top 3k tokens for improved speed
    bool use_grammar = grammar != nullptr;
    std::vector<llama_token_data> precache = (use_grammar ? std::vector<llama_token_data>(candidates) : std::vector<llama_token_data>(0));

    sample_top_k(&candidates_p, 3000);

    if (use_grammar) {
        sample_grammar(file_format, n_vocab, &candidates_p, grammar);
        // if top_k 3000 doesn't contain a valid candidate for this grammar, try again pre-cull
        if (candidates_p.size <= 0) {
            candidates_p = { precache.data(), precache.size(), false };
            sample_grammar(file_format, n_vocab, &candidates_p, grammar);
            sample_top_k(&candidates_p, 3000);
        }
    }

    if (mirostat == 1 || mirostat == 2)
    {
        static float mirostat_mu = 2.0f * mirostat_tau;
        const int mirostat_m = 100;
        sample_rep_pen(n_ctx, rep_pen_range, rep_pen, rep_pen_slope, presence_penalty, &candidates_p);
        sample_temperature(&candidates_p, temp, smoothing_factor, smoothing_curve);
        if (mirostat == 1)
        {
            id = sample_token_mirostat(n_vocab, &candidates_p, rng, mirostat_tau, mirostat_eta, mirostat_m, &mirostat_mu);
        }
        else
        {
            id = sample_token_mirostat_v2(&candidates_p, rng, mirostat_tau, mirostat_eta, &mirostat_mu);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < sampler_order.size(); i++)
        {
            switch (sampler_order[i])
            {
                case KCPP_SAMPLER_TOP_K:
                    sample_top_k(&candidates_p, top_k);
                    break;
                case KCPP_SAMPLER_TOP_A:
                    sample_top_a(&candidates_p, top_a, 1);
                    break;
                case KCPP_SAMPLER_TOP_P:
                    sample_top_p(&candidates_p, top_p, 1);
                    sample_min_p(&candidates_p, min_p, 1);
                    break;
                case KCPP_SAMPLER_TFS:
                    sample_tail_free(&candidates_p, tfs, 1);
                    break;
                case KCPP_SAMPLER_TYP:
                    sampler_typical(&candidates_p, typical_p, 1);
                    break;
                case KCPP_SAMPLER_TEMP:
                    if (dynatemp_range!=0)
                    {
                        float dynatemp_min = temp - dynatemp_range;
                        float dynatemp_max = temp + dynatemp_range;
                        //do not allow negative values
                        dynatemp_min = dynatemp_min<0?0:dynatemp_min;
                        dynatemp_max = dynatemp_max<0?0:dynatemp_max;
                        dynatemp_exponent = dynatemp_exponent<0?0:dynatemp_exponent;
                        sample_entropy(&candidates_p, dynatemp_min, dynatemp_max, dynatemp_exponent, smoothing_factor, smoothing_curve);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        sample_temperature(&candidates_p, temp, smoothing_factor, smoothing_curve);
                    }
                    if (nsigma > 0.0f)
                    {
                        sample_top_n_sigma(&candidates_p, nsigma);
                    }
                    break;
                case KCPP_SAMPLER_REP_PEN:
                    sample_rep_pen(n_ctx, rep_pen_range, rep_pen, rep_pen_slope, presence_penalty, &candidates_p);
                    break;
                default:
                    printf("\nSampleLogits: Unknown Sampler : %d",sampler_order[i]);
                    break;
            }
        }
        //xtc always last
        sample_xtc(&candidates_p, xtc_threshold, xtc_probability, rng);
        //adaptive p must be last, it messes up all probs
        sample_adaptive_p(adaptive_target, adaptive_p_weighted_sum, adaptive_p_total_weight, &candidates_p);
        id = sample_token(&candidates_p, rng);
    }

    return id;
}

static void grammar_accept_token(FileFormat file_format, int32_t n_vocab, struct llama_grammar * grammar, llama_token token)
{
    const std::vector<llama_token> eog_tokens = GetEogIDs(file_format,n_vocab);
    bool found_eog = std::find(eog_tokens.begin(), eog_tokens.end(), token) != eog_tokens.end();
    if (found_eog) {
        for (const auto & stack : grammar->stacks) {
            if (stack.empty()) {
                return;
            }
        }
        GGML_ASSERT(false);
    }
    const std::string piece = FileFormatTokenizeID(token,file_format);

    // Note terminating 0 in decoded string
    const auto   decoded     = decode_utf8(piece.c_str(), grammar->partial_utf8);
    const auto & code_points = decoded.first;
    for (auto it = code_points.begin(), end = code_points.end() - 1; it != end; ++it) {
        llama_grammar_accept(grammar, *it);
    }
    grammar->partial_utf8 = decoded.second;
    GGML_ASSERT(!grammar->stacks.empty());
}

static void load_grammar(const std::string & gammarstr)
{
    if(grammar!=nullptr) //on demand free when next grammar is loaded
    {
        llama_grammar_reset_memos();
        llama_grammar_free_impl(grammar);
        grammar = nullptr;
    }

    if (!gammarstr.empty()) {
        parsed_grammar = llama_grammar_parser();
        parsed_grammar.parse(gammarstr.c_str());
        // will be empty (default) if there are parse errors
        if (parsed_grammar.rules.empty()) {
            printf("\nIgnored invalid grammar sampler.");
            return;
        }
        if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
        {
            parsed_grammar.print(stderr);
        }
        std::vector<const llama_grammar_element *> grammar_rules(parsed_grammar.c_rules());
        grammar = llama_grammar_init_impl(nullptr,grammar_rules.data(), grammar_rules.size(), parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.at("root"));
    }
}

static bool kcpp_eval_media(llama_context * ctx_llama, const media_chunk & mediachunk, int n_batch, int * n_past) {
    if (mtmd_ctx && mediachunk.mtmd_chunk) {
        llama_pos new_n_past = *n_past;
        int32_t   result     = mtmd_helper_eval_chunk_single(mtmd_ctx, ctx_llama,
                                                             static_cast<const mtmd_input_chunk *>(mediachunk.mtmd_chunk),
                                                             *n_past, 0, n_batch, false, &new_n_past);
        if (result != 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "\n%s : failed to eval mtmd media chunk, status %d\n", __func__, result);
            return false;
        }
        *n_past = new_n_past;
        return true;
    }
    fprintf(stderr, "\n%s : Error, MTMD or media chunk is not initialized!\n", __func__);
    return false;
}

static bool mtmd_text_chunk_has_invalid_tokens(const mtmd_input_chunk * mtmdchunk)
{
    if(mtmd_input_chunk_get_type(mtmdchunk) != MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT)
    {
        return false;
    }
    size_t n_tokens = 0;
    const llama_token * tokens = mtmd_input_chunk_get_tokens_text(mtmdchunk, &n_tokens);
    if(tokens == nullptr && n_tokens > 0)
    {
        return true;
    }
    for(size_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i)
    {
        if(tokens[i] < 0 || tokens[i] >= n_vocab)
        {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

//given an old GGUF context and a new context that has some middle portion removed,
//find and remove the middle portion from the old context from the KV. Does not fast forward after this destructive action
//returns true if contextshift is doable, executes it if dryrun is false
bool DoContextShifting(llama_context * ctx, llama_context * draft_ctx, std::vector<int> &current_context_tokens, std::vector<int> &new_context_tokens, const int genamt, const int nctx, bool dryrun)
{
    //scan from start old and new ctx, until first mismatch found, save as p0
    //check remaining old and new ctx for longest common subseq, which needs to be at 256 tokens
    //test: longest common subseq (LCQ) MUST start within 0 tokens from end of memory, otherwise purge fails
    //if passed, save beginning of LCQ from old ctx as p1
    //remove all tokens from old ctx between p0 and p1, updating both arrays and kv, then continue as normal

    const int ShortfallThreshold = 200 + std::min((nctx/30),140); //dont trigger shifting if the distance between trimstart and currhead < this
    const int SlackAllowance = 60 + std::min((nctx/60),70); //in case the end text is slightly modified, be forgiving

    int trimstart = 0;
    int new_tokens_len = new_context_tokens.size();
    bool purgeneeded = true;

    for (int i = 0; i < current_context_tokens.size(); ++i)
    {
        if (current_context_tokens[i] == new_context_tokens[i])
        {
            trimstart += 1;
        }
        else
        {
            break;
        }
        if ((i + 2) >= new_tokens_len)
        {
            purgeneeded = false;
            break; //no surgery required
        }
    }

    if(!purgeneeded || new_tokens_len < 6 || current_context_tokens.size() < 6 || new_tokens_len - trimstart < ShortfallThreshold)
    {
        return false; //no purge is needed
    }

    //at least this many tokens need to match, otherwise don't bother trimming
    const int LCSTokThreshold = std::max(std::min((new_tokens_len - trimstart) - (genamt+SlackAllowance), (int)(nctx*0.45)), ShortfallThreshold-SlackAllowance);

    auto curr_ctx_without_memory = std::vector<int>(current_context_tokens.begin() + trimstart, current_context_tokens.end());
    auto new_ctx_without_memory = std::vector<int>(new_context_tokens.begin() + trimstart, new_context_tokens.end());

    auto shared = LongestCommonSubseq(curr_ctx_without_memory, new_ctx_without_memory);

    //printf("\nSharedSize: %d, LCSTokThreshold: %d, ArrPass: %d\n",shared.size(),LCSTokThreshold,ArrStartWith(new_ctx_without_memory, shared));
    if (shared.size() > LCSTokThreshold && ArrStartWith(new_ctx_without_memory, shared)) // enough tokens in common
    {
        int found = ArrFindIndexOf(current_context_tokens,shared);
        if(found>=0 && found > trimstart)
        {
            bool ok = true;
            if(!dryrun)
            {
                //extract the unwanted tokens out from context and KV
                int diff = found - trimstart;
                ok = llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(ctx), 0, trimstart, trimstart + diff);
                llama_memory_seq_add(llama_get_memory(ctx), 0, trimstart + diff, -1, -diff);
                if(draft_ctx)
                {
                    llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(draft_ctx), 0, trimstart, trimstart + diff);
                    llama_memory_seq_add(llama_get_memory(draft_ctx), 0, trimstart + diff, -1, -diff);
                }
                for (size_t i = trimstart + diff; i < current_context_tokens.size() - 1; i++)
                {
                    current_context_tokens[i - diff] = current_context_tokens[i];
                }
                if(ok)
                {
                    printf("\n[Context Shifting: Erased %d tokens at position %d]", diff, trimstart + 1);
                }
                else
                {
                    printf("\n[Warning: Context Shifting FAILED to erase %d tokens at position %d]", diff, trimstart + 1);
                }
                current_context_tokens.resize(current_context_tokens.size() - diff);
            }
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;

}

//returns true if context shifting is possible. does not execute the shift
bool CanContextShift(std::vector<int> &current_context_tokens, std::vector<int> &new_context_tokens, const int genamt, const int nctx)
{
    return DoContextShifting(nullptr,nullptr,current_context_tokens,new_context_tokens,genamt,nctx,true);
}


static int GetBatchSize(int desiredBlasBatchSize,FileFormat in_file_format)
{
    //check if approved to use BLAS
    bool approved_format = !(file_format == FileFormat::BADFORMAT ||
                            file_format == FileFormat::GPT2_1 ||
                            file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_1 ||
                            file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_2 ||
                            file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1 ||
                            file_format==FileFormat::RWKV_2);
    if(!approved_format && desiredBlasBatchSize>0)
    {
        desiredBlasBatchSize = 16;
    }
    if(desiredBlasBatchSize<=0)
    {
        desiredBlasBatchSize = 1;
    }
    if (file_format != FileFormat::GGML && file_format != FileFormat::GGHF && file_format != FileFormat::GGJT && file_format != FileFormat::GGJT_2 && file_format != FileFormat::GGJT_3 && file_format != FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        desiredBlasBatchSize = (desiredBlasBatchSize > 256 ? 256 : desiredBlasBatchSize);
    }
    if (file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1 || file_format==FileFormat::RWKV_2)
    {
        desiredBlasBatchSize = 1;
    }
    return desiredBlasBatchSize;
}

//this function applies automatic scaling to rope freq base when the desired context exceeds trained context
static float CalcGradientAIRopeFreqBase(float original_rope_base, int n_ctx_train, int n_ctx_desired)
{
    if(n_ctx_desired <= n_ctx_train || n_ctx_desired <= 2048)
    {
        return original_rope_base;
    }
	else
	{
        float ctx_multiplier = 1.0f;
        float chi_ctx_train_value = (n_ctx_train * ctx_multiplier) / 6.28318;
        float chi_ctx_value = (n_ctx_desired * ctx_multiplier) / 6.28318;
        float gradient_ai_rope_freq_base_value = powf(original_rope_base, log10f(chi_ctx_value) / log10f(chi_ctx_train_value));
	    return gradient_ai_rope_freq_base_value;
    }
}

bool host_rpc_server(std::string endpoint, std::string devices_str)
{
    llama_backend_init();
    int num_backends = ggml_backend_reg_count();
    printf("Number of Backends: %d\n",num_backends);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_backends; i++) {
        auto * reg = ggml_backend_reg_get(i);
        printf("Backend %d: %s\n", i, ggml_backend_reg_name(reg));
    }

    ggml_backend_reg_t reg = ggml_backend_reg_by_name("RPC");
    if (!reg) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error: Failed to find RPC backend\n");
        return false;
    }

    auto start_server_fn = (decltype(ggml_backend_rpc_start_server)*) ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(reg, "ggml_backend_rpc_start_server");
    if (!start_server_fn) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to obtain RPC backend start server function\n");
        return false;
    }

    std::vector<ggml_backend_dev_t> devices;

    if(devices_str!="") //check if devices is overridden
    {
        devices = kcpp_parse_device_list(devices_str);
        // Remove all nullptr elements
        devices.erase( std::remove(devices.begin(), devices.end(), nullptr), devices.end());
    }

    //try dGPU first
    if (devices.empty()) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < ggml_backend_dev_count(); i++) {
            ggml_backend_dev_t dev = ggml_backend_dev_get(i);
            if (ggml_backend_dev_type(dev) == GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU) {
                devices.push_back(dev);
            }
        }
    }

    // if not, find other non-cpu devices
    if (devices.empty()) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < ggml_backend_dev_count(); i++) {
            ggml_backend_dev_t dev = ggml_backend_dev_get(i);
            if (ggml_backend_dev_type(dev) != GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU) {
                devices.push_back(dev);
            }
        }
    }

    // If there are no accelerators, fallback to CPU device
    if (devices.empty()) {
        ggml_backend_dev_t dev = ggml_backend_dev_by_type(GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU);
        if (dev) {
            devices.push_back(dev);
        }
    }
    printf("\nUsing %d Devices for this RPC server:",devices.size());
    for(int i=0;i<devices.size();++i)
    {
        printf("\n%d: %s",i,ggml_backend_dev_name(devices[i]));
    }

    printf("\nNote: It's not advised to expose RPC server to the open internet.\n=====\nStarting RPC server on %s, clients may now connect\n=====\n",endpoint.c_str());

    start_server_fn(endpoint.c_str(), nullptr, 4, devices.size(), devices.data());
    return true;
}

static void connect_rpc_servers(const std::string & servers) {
    auto rpc_servers = string_split<std::string>(servers, ',');
    if (rpc_servers.empty()) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("no RPC servers specified");
    }
    ggml_backend_load_all();
    ggml_backend_reg_t rpc_reg = ggml_backend_reg_by_name("RPC");
    if (!rpc_reg) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("failed to find RPC backend");
    }
    typedef ggml_backend_reg_t (*ggml_backend_rpc_add_server_t)(const char * endpoint);
    ggml_backend_rpc_add_server_t ggml_backend_rpc_add_server_fn = (ggml_backend_rpc_add_server_t) ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(rpc_reg, "ggml_backend_rpc_add_server");
    if (!ggml_backend_rpc_add_server_fn) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("failed to find RPC add server function");
    }
    printf("\n");
    for (const auto & server : rpc_servers) {
        printf("Use RPC server: %s\n",server.c_str());
        auto reg = ggml_backend_rpc_add_server_fn(server.c_str());
        ggml_backend_register(reg);
    }
}

mtmd_context_params init_mtmd_ctx_params(bool mmproj_cpu, bool dryrun)
{
    #if defined(GGML_USE_METAL)
    if(file_format_meta.model_architecture == llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_QWEN2VL || file_format_meta.model_architecture == llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3)
    {
        mmproj_cpu = true;
        if(!dryrun)
        {
            printf("MTMD will use CPU for this model!\n");
        }
    }
    #endif
    llama_flash_attn_type mtmd_fa = (kcpp_data->flash_attn?LLAMA_FLASH_ATTN_TYPE_ENABLED:LLAMA_FLASH_ATTN_TYPE_DISABLED);
    #if defined(GGML_USE_CUDA)
    mtmd_fa = LLAMA_FLASH_ATTN_TYPE_DISABLED; //kcpp: disabled in 1.102.2 as some headsizes break on turing
    #endif
    if(mmproj_cpu)
    {
        if(!dryrun)
        {
            printf("MTMD forced to use CPU!\n");
        }
        mtmd_fa = (kcpp_data->flash_attn?LLAMA_FLASH_ATTN_TYPE_ENABLED:LLAMA_FLASH_ATTN_TYPE_DISABLED); //however if using CPU, fa is fine
    }
    mtmd_context_params ctx_mtmd_params = mtmd_context_params_default();
    ctx_mtmd_params.use_gpu = !mmproj_cpu;
    ctx_mtmd_params.print_timings = false;
    ctx_mtmd_params.n_threads = kcpp_data->n_threads;
    ctx_mtmd_params.media_marker = mtmd_default_marker();
    ctx_mtmd_params.flash_attn_type = mtmd_fa;
    ctx_mtmd_params.warmup = false;
    ctx_mtmd_params.image_min_tokens = kcpp_data->vision_min_tokens;
    ctx_mtmd_params.image_max_tokens = kcpp_data->vision_max_tokens;

    return ctx_mtmd_params;
}

ModelLoadResult gpttype_load_model(const load_model_inputs inputs, FileFormat in_file_format, FileFormatExtraMeta in_file_format_meta)
{
    is_quiet = inputs.quiet;
    ggml_time_init();
    kcpp_data = new kcpp_params(); //allocate on heap to avoid linux segfault. yes this leaks memory.

    file_format = in_file_format;
    file_format_meta = in_file_format_meta;
    kcpp_data->n_threads = inputs.threads;
    kcpp_data->n_blasthreads = inputs.blasthreads;
    bool isGguf = (file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC);
    kcpp_pipeline_parallelism = inputs.pipelineparallel;
    kcpp_data->n_batch = GetBatchSize(inputs.batchsize, in_file_format);
    kcpp_data->n_ubatch = kcpp_data->n_batch;
    continuous_batching_slots = (isGguf && inputs.continuous_batching_slots > 1) ? inputs.continuous_batching_slots : 0;
    if(continuous_batching_slots > 0)
    {
        printf("Continuous batching: prepared %d GGUF sequence slots.\n", continuous_batching_slots);
    }
    kcpp_data->vision_min_tokens = inputs.visionmintokens;
    kcpp_data->vision_max_tokens = inputs.visionmaxtokens;
    vision_max_res = inputs.visionmaxres;
    if(isGguf && kcpp_pipeline_parallelism)
    {
        //double the logical batch, while keeping the physical batch the same, pipeline parallel set GGML_SCHED_MAX_COPIES to 2
        kcpp_data->n_batch *= 2;
    }
    kcpp_data->flash_attn = inputs.flash_attention;
    kcpp_data->model_filename = inputs.model_filename;
    kcpp_data->use_smartcontext = inputs.use_smartcontext;
    kcpp_data->use_contextshift = inputs.use_contextshift;
    kcpp_data->use_fastforward = inputs.use_fastforward;
    kcpp_data->smartcache = inputs.smartcache;
    kcpp_extra_swa_padding = inputs.swa_padding;
    kcpp_data->swa_full = inputs.prevent_swa;

    debugmode = inputs.debugmode;
    if(draft_spec)
    {
        common_speculative_free(draft_spec);
        draft_spec = nullptr;
    }
    draft_ctx = nullptr;
    draft_is_mtp = false;
    mtp_uses_spec_checkpoint = false;
    mtp_spec_ckpt.clear();
    guidance_ctx = nullptr;
    if(mtmd_ctx)
    {
        mtmd_free(mtmd_ctx);
        mtmd_ctx = nullptr;
    }
    audio_multimodal_supported = false;
    vision_multimodal_supported = false;
    use_mrope = false;
    overridden_jinja_template = inputs.jinja_template;

    auto clamped_max_context_length = inputs.max_context_length;

    if(clamped_max_context_length>16384 &&
    file_format != FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        printf("Warning: Only GGUF models can use max context above 16k. Max context lowered to 16k.\n");
        clamped_max_context_length = 16384;
    }

    kcpp_data->n_ctx = clamped_max_context_length;
    max_context_limit_at_load = clamped_max_context_length;
    add_bos_token = !inputs.no_bos_token;
    load_guidance = inputs.load_guidance;
    check_slowness = inputs.check_slowness;
    highpriority = inputs.highpriority;

    if(!add_bos_token)
    {
        printf("\n======\nBOS token prefix was disabled! Your output may be degraded unless model was designed for it!\n======\n");
    }

    neox_ctx_v2.hparams.n_ctx  = neox_ctx_v3.hparams.n_ctx
    = gptj_ctx_v1.hparams.n_ctx = gptj_ctx_v2.hparams.n_ctx = gptj_ctx_v3.hparams.n_ctx
    = gpt2_ctx_v1.hparams.n_ctx = gpt2_ctx_v2.hparams.n_ctx = gpt2_ctx_v3.hparams.n_ctx
    = mpt_ctx_v3.hparams.n_ctx = kcpp_data->n_ctx;


    //determine rope scaling params
    float rope_freq_scale = 1.0f;
    float rope_freq_base = 10000.0f;
    bool overwriteRope = false;
    if(inputs.rope_freq_scale>0.0f && inputs.overridenativecontext==0)
    {
        rope_freq_scale = inputs.rope_freq_scale;
        rope_freq_base = inputs.rope_freq_base;
        overwriteRope = true;
        printf("Using Custom RoPE scaling (scale:%.3f, base:%.1f).\n",rope_freq_scale,rope_freq_base);
    }
    else
    {
        const int maxctxtrain = (inputs.overridenativecontext>0?inputs.overridenativecontext:2048);
        //Set freq base for all, including non GGUF. If we are using GGUF, this will be overwritten with more accurate values later.
        rope_freq_base = CalcGradientAIRopeFreqBase(10000.0f,maxctxtrain,kcpp_data->n_ctx);
        if(file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
        {
            printf("Using automatic RoPE scaling for GGUF. If the model has custom RoPE settings, they'll be used directly instead!\n");
        }
        else
        {
            printf("Using Automatic RoPE scaling, Pre-GGUF (scale:%.3f, base:%.1f).\n",rope_freq_scale, rope_freq_base);
        }
    }
    gptj_ctx_v3.hparams.rope_freq_scale = neox_ctx_v3.hparams.rope_freq_scale = rope_freq_scale;
    gptj_ctx_v3.hparams.rope_freq_base = neox_ctx_v3.hparams.rope_freq_base = rope_freq_base;

    //this is used for the mem_per_token eval, blas needs more RAM
    bool v3_use_scratch = ggml_v3_cpu_has_gpublas();

    int kcpp_parseinfo_maindevice = inputs.kcpp_main_gpu<=0?0:inputs.kcpp_main_gpu;

    printf("System Info: %s\n", kcpp_print_system_info());
    #if defined(GGML_USE_CUDA)
    if(file_format!=FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        if(ggml_v3_cpu_has_gpublas() && kcpp_parseinfo_maindevice>0)
        {
            printf("CUBLAS v3: Set main device to %d\n",kcpp_parseinfo_maindevice);
            ggml_v3_cuda_set_main_device(kcpp_parseinfo_maindevice);
        }
    }

    #endif
    SetQuantsUnshuffled(false);
    if(file_format == FileFormat::GGML || file_format == FileFormat::GGHF || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_2)
    {
        //newer format has bit unshuffling
        SetQuantsUnshuffled(file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_2);
        llama_v2_context_params llama_ctx_params_v2 = llama_v2_context_default_params();
        llama_ctx_params_v2.n_ctx = clamped_max_context_length;
        llama_ctx_params_v2.seed = -1;
        llama_ctx_params_v2.f16_kv = true;
        llama_ctx_params_v2.logits_all = false;
        llama_ctx_params_v2.use_mmap = inputs.use_mmap;
        llama_ctx_params_v2.use_mlock = inputs.use_mlock;
        llama_ctx_params_v2.n_gpu_layers = inputs.gpulayers;

        llama_ctx_v2 = llama_v2_init_from_file(kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str(), llama_ctx_params_v2);

        if (llama_ctx_v2 == NULL)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to load model '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
            return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
        }

        printf("\n---\nWarning: Your model may be an OUTDATED format (ver %d). Please reconvert it for better results!\n---\n", file_format);

        if (lora_filename != "")
        {
            printf("\nAttempting to apply LORA adapter: %s\n", lora_filename.c_str());

            int err = llama_v2_apply_lora_from_file(llama_ctx_v2,
                                                 lora_filename.c_str(),
                                                 nullptr,
                                                 kcpp_data->n_threads);
            if (err != 0)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to apply lora adapter\n", __func__);
                return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
            }
        }

        n_vocab = llama_v2_n_vocab(llama_ctx_v2);

        //determine mem per token
        const std::vector<int> tmp = {1, 2, 3, 4};
        llama_v2_eval(llama_ctx_v2, tmp.data(), tmp.size(), 0, kcpp_data->n_threads);
        return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
    }
    else if(file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_3)
    {
        llama_v3_context_params llama_ctx_params = llama_v3_context_default_params();
        llama_ctx_params.n_ctx = clamped_max_context_length;
        llama_ctx_params.seed = -1;
        llama_ctx_params.f16_kv = true;
        llama_ctx_params.low_vram = inputs.low_vram;
        llama_ctx_params.mul_mat_q = inputs.use_mmq;
        llama_ctx_params.logits_all = false;
        llama_ctx_params.use_mmap = inputs.use_mmap;
        llama_ctx_params.use_mlock = inputs.use_mlock;
        llama_ctx_params.n_gpu_layers = inputs.gpulayers;
        llama_ctx_params.main_gpu = kcpp_parseinfo_maindevice;
        llama_ctx_params.rope_freq_base = rope_freq_base;
        llama_ctx_params.rope_freq_scale = rope_freq_scale;
        llama_ctx_params.n_batch = kcpp_data->n_batch;

        #if defined(GGML_USE_CUDA) || defined(GGML_USE_VULKAN)
        bool ts_all_zero = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < tensor_split_max; ++i) {
            if (inputs.tensor_split[i] != 0.0f) {
                ts_all_zero = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        if(!ts_all_zero)
        {
            printf("\nApplying Tensor Split...\n");
            llama_ctx_params.tensor_split = inputs.tensor_split;
        }
        #endif

        llama_ctx_v3 = llama_v3_init_from_file(kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str(), llama_ctx_params);

        if (llama_ctx_v3 == NULL)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to load model '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
            return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
        }
        if (lora_filename != "")
        {
            printf("\nAttempting to apply LORA adapter: %s\n", lora_filename.c_str());

            int err = llama_v3_apply_lora_from_file(llama_ctx_v3,
                                                 lora_filename.c_str(),
                                                 nullptr,
                                                 kcpp_data->n_threads);
            if (err != 0)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to apply lora adapter\n", __func__);
                return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
            }
        }

        n_vocab = llama_v3_n_vocab(llama_ctx_v3);

        //determine mem per token
        const std::vector<int> tmp = {1, 2, 3, 4};
        auto er = llama_v3_eval(llama_ctx_v3, tmp.data(), tmp.size(), 0, kcpp_data->n_threads);
        if(er!=0)
        {
            printf("\nModel Warmup Failed! (code:%d)\n",er);
        }
        return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
    }
    else if(file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        llama_backend_init();
        int num_backends = ggml_backend_reg_count();
        printf("Number of Backends: %d\n",num_backends);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < num_backends; i++) {
            auto * reg = ggml_backend_reg_get(i);
            printf("Backend %d: %s\n", i, ggml_backend_reg_name(reg));
        }

        if(inputs.rpc_mode==2) //host mode, not supposed to happen
        {
            printf("\nShould not reach here, RPC host does not need to load models.\n");
            return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
        }
        else if(inputs.rpc_mode==1) //connect
        {
            std::string servers = inputs.rpc_targets;
            connect_rpc_servers(servers);
        }

        llama_model_params model_params = llama_model_default_params();
        llama_context_params llama_ctx_params = llama_context_default_params();
        llama_ctx_params.n_ctx = clamped_max_context_length;
        llama_ctx_params.n_ctx += extra_context_handle_fragmentation;

        llama_ctx_params.offload_kqv = !inputs.low_vram;
        llama_ctx_params.kv_unified = true;
        model_params.use_mmap = inputs.use_mmap;
        model_params.use_mlock = inputs.use_mlock;
        model_params.use_direct_io = false; //no direct io for now until stable
        model_params.n_gpu_layers = inputs.gpulayers;
        kcpp_permit_any_repack = (model_params.use_mmap?false:true);

        //set device overrides if needed
        std::vector<ggml_backend_dev_t> devices_override;
        std::string dev_override_str = inputs.devices_override;
        if(dev_override_str!="")
        {
            devices_override = kcpp_parse_device_list(dev_override_str);
            if(devices_override.size()>0)
            {
                printf("\nOverriding with %zu devices...\n",devices_override.size()-1);
                model_params.devices = devices_override.data();
            }
        }

        if(kcpp_parseinfo_maindevice>0)
        {
            printf("Main GPU device: Try set to %d\n",kcpp_parseinfo_maindevice);
        }

        #if defined(GGML_USE_CUDA)
        printf("CUDA MMQ: %s\n",(inputs.use_mmq?"True":"False"));
        printf("---\nInitializing CUDA/HIP, please wait, the following step may take a few minutes (only for first launch)...\n---\n");
        ggml_cuda_set_mul_mat_q(inputs.use_mmq);
        #endif

        model_params.main_gpu = kcpp_parseinfo_maindevice;
        model_params.split_mode = (inputs.splitmode>0?((llama_split_mode)(inputs.splitmode)):llama_split_mode::LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_LAYER);

        llama_ctx_params.n_batch = kcpp_data->n_batch;
        llama_ctx_params.n_ubatch = kcpp_data->n_ubatch;
        if(continuous_batching_slots > 0)
        {
            llama_ctx_params.n_seq_max = continuous_batching_slots + 1;
        }
        llama_ctx_params.n_threads = kcpp_data->n_threads;
        llama_ctx_params.n_threads_batch = kcpp_data->n_blasthreads;

        #if defined(GGML_USE_CUDA) || defined(GGML_USE_VULKAN)
        bool ts_all_zero = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < tensor_split_max; ++i) {
            if (inputs.tensor_split[i] != 0.0f) {
                ts_all_zero = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        if(!ts_all_zero)
        {
            printf("\nApplying Tensor Split...\n");
            model_params.tensor_split = inputs.tensor_split;
        }
        #endif

        //compat for old falcon
        if(file_format_meta.fileversion==1)
        {
            //apply compat fix
            printf("\nUsing older tokenizer for GGUFv1...");
            OldBPETokenizerMode = true;
        }

        std::vector<llama_model_kv_override> kvos; //ensure it keeps in scope until model is created
        std::vector<llama_model_tensor_buft_override> tenos; //ensure it keeps in scope until model is created
        std::vector<std::string> temp_tensor_names; //store temp tensor names to have mem references.
        temp_tensor_names.reserve(llama_max_tensor_buft_overrides()); //very important, prevents vector from reallocating
        tenos.reserve(llama_max_tensor_buft_overrides());
        if(inputs.moe_experts>0)
        {
            printf("\nOverriding number of experts to %d\n",inputs.moe_experts);
            llama_model_kv_override kvo;
            std::string moekeystr = "llama";
            if(file_format_meta.model_architecture_str!="")
            {
                moekeystr = file_format_meta.model_architecture_str;
            }
            moekeystr += ".expert_used_count";

            const char * moekey = moekeystr.c_str();
            std::strncpy(kvo.key, moekey, sizeof(kvo.key) - 1);
            kvo.key[sizeof(kvo.key) - 1] = '\0'; // Ensure null termination
            kvo.tag = LLAMA_KV_OVERRIDE_TYPE_INT;
            kvo.val_i64 = inputs.moe_experts;
            kvos.push_back(kvo);
        }
        for(int x=0;x<overridekv_max;++x)
        {
            std::string override_kv = inputs.override_kv[x];
            if(override_kv != "" && file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
            {
                printf("\nAttempting to apply KV override: %s...\n",override_kv.c_str());
                bool kvo_ok = string_parse_kv_override(override_kv.c_str(),kvos);
                LLAMA_LOG_INFO("\nKV override parse: %s\n",(kvo_ok?"success":"failed"));
                fflush(stdout);
            }
        }

        if(kvos.size()>0)
        {
            kvos.emplace_back();
            kvos.back().key[0] = 0;
            model_params.kv_overrides = kvos.data();
        }
        //handle override tensor
        std::string tensoroverrides = inputs.override_tensors;

        if(ggml_backend_dev_count()>1 && inputs.moecpu>0)
        {
            std::string toadd = "";
            for (int i = 0; i < inputs.moecpu; ++i) {
                std::string tmp = string_format("blk\\.%d\\.ffn_(up|down|gate|gate_up)_(ch|)exps=CPU", i);
                if(i>0)
                {
                    tmp = "," + tmp;
                }
                toadd += tmp;
            }
            if (tensoroverrides == "") {
                tensoroverrides = toadd;
            } else {
                tensoroverrides += "," + toadd;
            }
            printf("Overriding %d MoE layers to CPU...\n",inputs.moecpu);
        }
        if(tensoroverrides!="" && ggml_backend_dev_count()>1)
        {
            printf("Handling Override Tensors for backends: ");
            std::map<std::string, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t> buft_list;
            for (size_t i = 0; i < ggml_backend_dev_count(); ++i) {
                auto *      dev  = ggml_backend_dev_get(i);
                auto *      buft = ggml_backend_dev_buffer_type(dev);
                if (buft) {
                    std::string name = ggml_backend_buft_name(buft);
                    printf("%s ", name.c_str());
                    buft_list[name] = buft;
                }
            }
            printf("\n\n");
            for (const auto & overrider : string_split<std::string>(tensoroverrides, ',')) {
                std::string::size_type pos = overrider.find('=');
                if (pos == std::string::npos) {
                    printf("\nInvalid Override Tensor: %s\n",overrider.c_str());
                    continue;
                }
                std::string tensor_name = overrider.substr(0, pos);
                std::string buffer_type = overrider.substr(pos + 1);
                string_trim_whitespace(tensor_name);
                string_trim_whitespace(buffer_type);

                if (buft_list.find(buffer_type) == buft_list.end()) {
                    printf("\nUnknown Buffer Type: %s\n",buffer_type.c_str());
                    continue;
                }
                llama_model_tensor_buft_override nto;
                temp_tensor_names.push_back(tensor_name);
                nto.pattern = temp_tensor_names[temp_tensor_names.size()-1].c_str();
                nto.buft =  buft_list.at(buffer_type);
                tenos.push_back(nto);
                printf("Override Tensor: %s to %s\n",tensor_name.c_str(),buffer_type.c_str());
            }
        }
        if(tenos.size()>0)
        {
            tenos.push_back({nullptr, nullptr});
            model_params.tensor_buft_overrides = tenos.data();
        }

        //set some ctx params early so autofit can use them.
        llama_ctx_params.flash_attn_type = (kcpp_data->flash_attn?LLAMA_FLASH_ATTN_TYPE_ENABLED:LLAMA_FLASH_ATTN_TYPE_DISABLED);
        llama_ctx_params.swa_full = kcpp_data->swa_full;
        llama_ctx_params.type_k = (inputs.quant_k==4?GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:(inputs.quant_k==3?GGML_TYPE_Q5_1:(inputs.quant_k==2?GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:(inputs.quant_k==1?GGML_TYPE_BF16:GGML_TYPE_F16))));
        llama_ctx_params.type_v = (inputs.quant_v==4?GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:(inputs.quant_v==3?GGML_TYPE_Q5_1:(inputs.quant_v==2?GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:(inputs.quant_v==1?GGML_TYPE_BF16:GGML_TYPE_F16))));

        //apply overrides from autofit
        float tensor_split_temp[128] = {0}; //temp buffer for autofit
        std::vector<size_t> fit_params_target = std::vector<size_t>(llama_max_devices(),1024*1024*1024);
        if(inputs.autofit)
        {
            #if defined(GGML_USE_HIP)
            rocblas_initialize();
            #endif // defined(GGML_USE_HIP)

            size_t totalmmprojtax = 0;
            if(mmproj_filename != "" && file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && !inputs.mmproj_cpu)
            {
                printf("\nEstimating MMProj GPU usage...");
                mtmd_context_params ctx_mtmd_params = init_mtmd_ctx_params(inputs.mmproj_cpu,true);
                auto mtmd_mem = mtmd_get_memory_usage(mmproj_filename.c_str(), ctx_mtmd_params);
                for (auto & [dev, size] : mtmd_mem) {
                    totalmmprojtax += size;
                }
                totalmmprojtax = totalmmprojtax / (1024*1024);
                printf("MMProj Autofit Usage: %zu MB", totalmmprojtax);
            }

            common_params temp_params;
            size_t taxmb = inputs.autofit_tax_mb + totalmmprojtax;
            if(file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && (draftmodel_filename != "" || inputs.use_mtp))
            {
                try
                {
                    size_t drafttax = estimate_draft_autofit_tax_mb(
                        kcpp_data->model_filename,
                        draftmodel_filename,
                        model_params,
                        llama_ctx_params,
                        inputs.draft_gpusplit,
                        inputs.draft_gpulayers,
                        inputs.use_mtp);
                    if(drafttax > 0)
                    {
                        taxmb += drafttax;
                        printf("\nDraft Autofit Usage: %zu MB", drafttax);
                    }
                }
                catch(const std::exception & e)
                {
                    printf("\nWarning: failed to estimate draft model autofit usage: %s\n", e.what());
                }
            }
            printf("\nAttempting to use llama.cpp's automating fitting code. This will override all your layer configs, may or may not work!\n");
            //zero out any customizations made
            tenos.clear();
            tenos.push_back({nullptr, nullptr});
            model_params.tensor_buft_overrides = tenos.data();
            model_params.tensor_split = tensor_split_temp;
            model_params.n_gpu_layers = -1; //must be this value to be considered default
            printf("Autofit Reserve Space: %zu MB\n",taxmb);
            //disable log spam
            bool dospam = (debugmode==1 && !is_quiet);
            ggml_log_callback currlogger;
            void * curruserdat;
            auto oldverbosity = common_log_get_verbosity_thold();
            if(!dospam)
            {
                llama_log_get(&currlogger, &curruserdat);
                llama_log_set(log_callback_off, nullptr);
                common_log_set_verbosity_thold(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_NONE);
            }
            fit_params_target[0] = taxmb*1024*1024;
            bool success = (common_fit_params(kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str(), &model_params, &llama_ctx_params,
            tensor_split_temp, tenos.data(), fit_params_target.data(), kcpp_data->n_ctx,
            dospam?GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG:GGML_LOG_LEVEL_NONE)==0);
            if(!dospam)
            {
                llama_log_set(currlogger, curruserdat);
            }
            printf("Autofit Success: %d, Autofit Result: ",success);
            print_fitted_params(model_params,llama_ctx_params);
            if(!success)
            {
                //revert to previous
                model_params.n_gpu_layers = inputs.gpulayers;
                common_log_set_verbosity_thold(oldverbosity);
            }
        }

        llama_model * llamamodel = llama_model_load_from_file(kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str(), model_params);

        //now that the model is loaded, immediately check if SWA is used
        bool model_has_swa = (llama_model_n_swa(llamamodel)!=0);
        if(!model_has_swa)
        {
             printf("\nThis model does not use SWA\n");
        }
        else if(kcpp_data->swa_full)
        {
            printf("\nThis model has SWA, but SWA Mode IS DISABLED! Full sized context will be used.\n");
        }
        else
        {
            if (kcpp_data->use_contextshift) {
                kcpp_data->use_contextshift = false;  //cannot use shifting with SWA
                printf("\nSWA Mode is ENABLED!\nNote that using SWA Mode cannot be used with Context Shifting!\nContext shifting is DISABLED!\n");
            } else if (kcpp_data->use_fastforward) {
                printf("\nSWA Mode is ENABLED!\nNote that using SWA Mode cannot be used with Context Shifting, and can lead to degraded recall when combined with Fast Forwarding!\n");
            } else {
                printf("\nSWA Mode IS ENABLED!\nNote that using SWA Mode cannot be used with Context Shifting\n");
            }
        }

        //prepare savestate slots
        savestate_limit = inputs.smartcacheslots;
        rnn_reusable_slot_idx = -1;
        rnn_lifeboat_slot_idx = -1;
        rnn_lifeboat_hard_reserved = false;

        //if RNN model AND shifting and fastforward is on, enable smartcache
        if((llama_model_is_recurrent(llamamodel) || llama_model_is_hybrid(llamamodel)) && kcpp_data->use_fastforward && kcpp_data->use_contextshift)
        {
            if(savestate_limit>0)
            {
                printf("RNN or Hyrbid model with FF and shifting flags enabled - SmartCache will be enabled with extra slots. Disable CtxShift if you do not want this.\n",savestate_limit);
                kcpp_data->smartcache = true;
                savestate_limit += 1;
                rnn_reusable_slot_idx = savestate_limit - 1;
                if(inputs.smartcacheslots >= smartcache_rnn_lifeboat_extra_slot_min_user_slots)
                {
                    savestate_limit += 1;
                    rnn_lifeboat_slot_idx = savestate_limit - 1;
                    rnn_lifeboat_hard_reserved = true;
                }
            }
        }
        savestates.resize(savestate_limit);
        if(kcpp_data->smartcache)
        {
            printf("SmartCache: Prepared %d KV slots\n",savestate_limit);
        }
        if(!kcpp_data->use_fastforward && kcpp_data->smartcache)
        {
            kcpp_data->smartcache = false;
            printf("\nSmartCache IS DISABLED!\nSmartCache requires Fast Forwarding!\n");
        }

        if(llama_model_rope_type(llamamodel)==LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_MROPE || llama_model_rope_type(llamamodel)==LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_IMROPE)
        {
            printf("\nMRope is used, context shift will be disabled!\n");
            kcpp_data->use_contextshift = false;
            use_mrope = true;
        }

        if(overwriteRope)
        {
            llama_ctx_params.rope_freq_base = rope_freq_base;
            llama_ctx_params.rope_freq_scale = rope_freq_scale;
        }
        else
        {
            //if the model modifes rope in any way, or uses yarn, use the model values. Otherwise, use our automatic ones
            //special exception for llama, which uses auto scale
            if(inputs.overridenativecontext > 0)
            {
                printf("Automatic RoPE Scaling: Adjust based on override train context of %d.\n",inputs.overridenativecontext);
                rope_freq_base = CalcGradientAIRopeFreqBase(llamamodel->hparams.rope_freq_base_train, inputs.overridenativecontext, kcpp_data->n_ctx);
                llama_ctx_params.rope_freq_base = rope_freq_base;
                llama_ctx_params.rope_freq_scale = rope_freq_scale;
                printf("Automatic RoPE Scaling: Using (scale:%.3f, base:%.1f).\n", rope_freq_scale, rope_freq_base);
            }
            else if((llamamodel->hparams.rope_freq_base_train!=10000.0f && llamamodel->hparams.rope_freq_base_train!=500000.0f) ||
            llamamodel->hparams.rope_freq_scale_train!=1.0f ||
            llamamodel->hparams.rope_scaling_type_train==2)
            {
                printf("Automatic RoPE Scaling: Using model internal value.\n");
            }
            else
            {
				//Calculate rope_freq_base using the gradientAI formula, solar requires ctx *8 for correct scaling
                rope_freq_base = CalcGradientAIRopeFreqBase(llamamodel->hparams.rope_freq_base_train, file_format_meta.n_ctx_train, kcpp_data->n_ctx);
                llama_ctx_params.rope_freq_base = rope_freq_base;
                llama_ctx_params.rope_freq_scale = rope_freq_scale;
                printf("Automatic RoPE Scaling: Using (scale:%.3f, base:%.1f).\n", rope_freq_scale, rope_freq_base);
            }
        }

        if(file_format_meta.model_architecture==llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_RWKV6 || file_format_meta.model_architecture==llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_RWKV7
        || file_format_meta.model_architecture==llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_ARWKV7 || file_format_meta.model_architecture==llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_RWKV6QWEN2)
        {
            printf("\nRWKV6 Overriding EOS and BOS IDs to 0\n");
            llamamodel->vocab.set_eos_bos(0,0);
        }

        llama_ctx_v4 = llama_init_from_model(llamamodel, llama_ctx_params);
        if(load_guidance)
        {
            guidance_ctx = llama_init_from_model(llamamodel, llama_ctx_params);
        }

        if (llama_ctx_v4 == NULL)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to load model '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
            return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
        }

        //we use a threadpool, greatly speeds up qwen3moe tg
        ggml_threadpool_params threadpool1_params, threadpool2_params;
        ggml_threadpool_params_init(&threadpool1_params,kcpp_data->n_threads);
        ggml_threadpool_params_init(&threadpool2_params,kcpp_data->n_blasthreads);
        if(inputs.highpriority)
        {
            threadpool1_params.prio = GGML_SCHED_PRIO_HIGH;
            threadpool2_params.prio = GGML_SCHED_PRIO_HIGH;
        }

        printf("Threadpool set to %d threads and %d blasthreads...\n", kcpp_data->n_threads,kcpp_data->n_blasthreads);
        struct ggml_threadpool * threadpool1 = ggml_threadpool_new(&threadpool1_params);
        struct ggml_threadpool * threadpool2 = ggml_threadpool_new(&threadpool2_params);
        if (!threadpool1 || !threadpool2) {
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to create threadpool.\n", __func__);
            return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
        }
        llama_attach_threadpool(llama_ctx_v4, threadpool1, threadpool2);

        std::vector<llama_adapter_lora *> loras;
        std::vector<float> lorascales;
        if (lora_filename != "")
        {
            printf("\nAttempting to apply LORA adapter: %s\n", lora_filename.c_str());
            auto adapter = llama_adapter_lora_init(llamamodel, lora_filename.c_str());
            if (adapter == nullptr) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to apply lora adapter\n", __func__);
                return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
            }

            loras.push_back(adapter);
            lorascales.push_back(inputs.lora_multiplier);
            llama_set_adapters_lora(llama_ctx_v4, loras.data(), loras.size(), lorascales.data());
        }

        if(mmproj_filename != "" && file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
        {
            printf("\nAttempting to apply Multimodal Projector: %s\n", mmproj_filename.c_str());
            mtmd_context_params ctx_mtmd_params = init_mtmd_ctx_params(inputs.mmproj_cpu,false);
            mtmd_ctx = mtmd_init_from_file(mmproj_filename.c_str(), llamamodel, ctx_mtmd_params);
            if(mtmd_ctx == nullptr) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to load mmproj model!\n", __func__);
                return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
            }
            vision_multimodal_supported = mtmd_support_vision(mtmd_ctx);
            audio_multimodal_supported = mtmd_support_audio(mtmd_ctx);
        }

        const llama_vocab * tmpvocab = llama_model_get_vocab(llamamodel);
        n_vocab = llama_vocab_n_tokens(tmpvocab);

        if((draftmodel_filename != "" || inputs.use_mtp) && file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
        {
            if(mtmd_ctx!=nullptr)
            {
                printf("Error: Speculative decoding and MTP cannot be used with multimodal projectors!\n");
            }
            else
            {
                speculative_chunk_amt = inputs.draft_amount;
                if(draftmodel_filename != "")
                {
                    if(inputs.use_mtp)
                    {
                        printf("\nBoth --draftmodel and --usemtp were provided. The draft model will be used for speculative decoding.\n");
                    }
                    printf("\nAttempting to load draft model for speculative decoding. It will be fully offloaded if possible. Vocab must match the main model.\n");
                    speculative_decoding_setup(draftmodel_filename, llama_ctx_v4, model_params, llama_ctx_params, n_vocab, inputs.draft_gpusplit, inputs.draft_gpulayers);
                }
                else
                {
                    mtp_decoding_setup(llamamodel, llama_ctx_v4, llama_ctx_params);
                }
            }
        }
        if(draft_is_mtp && draft_spec)
        {
            mtp_uses_spec_checkpoint = common_context_can_seq_rm(llama_ctx_v4) == COMMON_CONTEXT_SEQ_RM_TYPE_FULL;
            if(mtp_uses_spec_checkpoint)
            {
                printf("\nMTP speculative decoding will use checkpoints for draft mismatch recovery.\n");
            }
        }

        //we cannot really trust the add bos in vocab. old models don't set it.
        // instead, we EXPLICITY need to find the add_bos_token key==false to automatically set it off.
        if(!llamamodel->vocab.get_add_bos() && add_bos_token && file_format_meta.explicitly_no_bos && file_format_meta.model_architecture!=llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_GEMMA4) //gemma4 MUST have bos even if meta says no
        {
            printf("\nThis architecture has explicitly disabled the BOS token - if you need it, you must add it manually.\n");
            add_bos_token = false;
        }
        if (file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && (file_format_meta.model_architecture == llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_GLM4 || file_format_meta.model_architecture == llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_GLM4_MOE || file_format_meta.model_architecture == llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK2)) {
            std::string temp = gpttype_get_chat_template();
            if (temp.find("[gMASK]<sop>") != std::string::npos) {
                printf("GLM-4 will have no automatic BOS token.\n");
                add_bos_token = false;
            }
        }
        printf("Starting model warm up, please wait a moment...\n");

        //warmup at least 33 tokens to trigger batch
        std::vector<int> tmp;
        for (int i = 1; i <= 33; ++i) {
            tmp.push_back(i);
        }
        llama_memory_clear(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4),true);
        auto er = llama_decode(llama_ctx_v4, llama_batch_get_one(tmp.data(), tmp.size()));
        if(er!=0)
        {
            printf("\nModel Warmup Failed! (code:%d)\n",er);
        }
        tmp = {1};
        llama_memory_clear(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4),true);
        er = llama_decode(llama_ctx_v4, llama_batch_get_one(tmp.data(), tmp.size()));
        if(er!=0)
        {
            printf("\nModel Warmup Failed! (code:%d)\n",er);
        }
        return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
    }
    else if (file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1 || file_format==FileFormat::RWKV_2)
    {
        //start loading the models first
        bool useWorldTokenizer = false;
        if (file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1)
        {
            rwkv_ctx_v2 = rwkv_v2_init_from_file(kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str(), kcpp_data->n_threads);
        }
        else //rwkv_2
        {
            rwkv_ctx_v3 = rwkv_init_from_file(kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str(), kcpp_data->n_threads);

            if(inputs.gpulayers>0)
            {
                rwkv_gpu_offload_layers(rwkv_ctx_v3,inputs.gpulayers);
            }

            const struct rwkv_file_header & header = rwkv_ctx_v3->instance->model.header;
            const size_t n_vocab = header.n_vocab;
            printf("\nDetected Vocab: %zu",n_vocab);
            if(n_vocab>60000)
            {
                printf("\nUsing WORLD TOKENIZER");
                useWorldTokenizer = true;
            }
        }

        std::string word;
        if(useWorldTokenizer)
        {
            read_rwkv_world_vocab();
        }
        else
        {
            read_rwkv_vocab();
        }

        int vocabsiz = rwkv_vocab.size();
        for (int i = 0; i < vocabsiz; i++)
        {
            uint32_t len;
            word = rwkv_vocab[i];
            vocab.token_to_id[word] = i;
            vocab.id_to_token[i] = word;
        }
        printf("\nRWKV Vocab: %u\n", vocabsiz);
        logits.resize(vocabsiz);

        n_vocab = vocab.id_to_token.size(); //handled separately

        if (file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1)
        {

            //setup buffers for rwkv state
            auto padding = 512u;
            auto statebufsiz = rwkv_v2_get_state_buffer_element_count(rwkv_ctx_v2) * sizeof(float) + padding;
            auto logitbufsiz = rwkv_v2_get_logits_buffer_element_count(rwkv_ctx_v2) * sizeof(float) + padding;

            printf("\nRWKV old Init: State Buffer:%lu, Logit Buffer:%lu\n", statebufsiz, logitbufsiz);
            rwkv_ctx_v2->state_out = (float *)malloc(statebufsiz);
            rwkv_ctx_v2->logits_out = (float *)malloc(logitbufsiz);
            rwkv_ctx_v2->state_in = nullptr;

            bool testeval = rwkv_v2_eval(rwkv_ctx_v2, 0, rwkv_ctx_v2->state_in, rwkv_ctx_v2->state_out, rwkv_ctx_v2->logits_out);
            if (!testeval)
            {
                printf("\nError: RWKV old Init Eval Failed!\n");
            }

            memcpy(logits.data(), rwkv_ctx_v2->logits_out, sizeof(float) * vocabsiz);

            if (rwkv_ctx_v2 == NULL)
            {
                return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
            }
            return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
        }
        else
        {
            //setup buffers for rwkv state
            auto padding = 512u;
            auto statebufsiz = rwkv_get_state_buffer_element_count(rwkv_ctx_v3) * sizeof(float) + padding;
            auto logitbufsiz = rwkv_get_logits_buffer_element_count(rwkv_ctx_v3) * sizeof(float) + padding;

            printf("\nRWKV Init: State Buffer:%lu, Logit Buffer:%lu\n", statebufsiz, logitbufsiz);
            rwkv_ctx_v3->state_out = (float *)malloc(statebufsiz);
            rwkv_ctx_v3->logits_out = (float *)malloc(logitbufsiz);
            rwkv_ctx_v3->state_in = nullptr;

            bool testeval = rwkv_eval(rwkv_ctx_v3, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, rwkv_ctx_v3->state_in, rwkv_ctx_v3->state_out, rwkv_ctx_v3->logits_out);
            if (!testeval)
            {
                printf("\nError: RWKV Init Eval Failed!\n");
            }

            memcpy(logits.data(), rwkv_ctx_v3->logits_out, sizeof(float) * vocabsiz);

            if (rwkv_ctx_v3 == NULL)
            {
                return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
            }
            return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
        }
    }
    else if (file_format == FileFormat::GPT2_1)
    {
        ModelLoadResult res = legacy_gpt2_model_load(kcpp_data->model_filename, gpt2_ctx_v1, vocab, file_format);
        if(res==ModelLoadResult::FAIL)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to load model from '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
            return res;
        }
        else if(res==ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD)
        {
            printf("\nTensor Transposition Detected! Retrying GPT-2 model loading...");
            return res;
        }

        n_vocab = gpt2_ctx_v1.hparams.n_vocab;

         // determine the required inference memory per token:
        legacy_gpt2_eval(gpt2_ctx_v1, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, logits, mem_per_token, file_format);
        return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
    }
    else if (file_format == FileFormat::GPT2_2 || file_format==FileFormat::GPT2_3 || file_format==FileFormat::GPT2_4)
    {
        if(file_format==FileFormat::GPT2_4)
        {
            ModelLoadResult res = gpt2_model_load(kcpp_data->model_filename, gpt2_ctx_v3, vocab, file_format, inputs.gpulayers);
            if(res==ModelLoadResult::FAIL)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to load model from '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
                return res;
            }
            else if(res==ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD)
            {
                printf("\nTensor Transposition Detected! Retrying GPT-2 model loading...");
                return res;
            }

            n_vocab = gpt2_ctx_v3.hparams.n_vocab;

            // determine the required inference memory per token:
            gpt2_eval(gpt2_ctx_v3, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, logits, mem_per_token, v3_use_scratch);
            return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
        }
        else
        {
            //newer format has bit unshuffling
            SetQuantsUnshuffled(file_format == FileFormat::GPT2_3);

            ModelLoadResult res = gpt2_v2_model_load(kcpp_data->model_filename, gpt2_ctx_v2, vocab, file_format, inputs.gpulayers);
            if(res==ModelLoadResult::FAIL)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to load model from '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
                return res;
            }
            else if(res==ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD)
            {
                printf("\nTensor Transposition Detected! Retrying GPT-2 model loading...");
                return res;
            }

            n_vocab = gpt2_ctx_v2.hparams.n_vocab;

            // determine the required inference memory per token:
            gpt2_v2_eval(gpt2_ctx_v2, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, logits, mem_per_token, file_format);
            return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
        }
    }
    else if (file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_1 || file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_2)
    {
        ModelLoadResult res = legacy_gptj_model_load(kcpp_data->model_filename, gptj_ctx_v1, vocab, file_format);
        if(res==ModelLoadResult::FAIL)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to load model from '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
            return res;
        }
        else if(res==ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD)
        {
            printf("\nTensor Transposition Detected! Retrying GPT-J model loading...");
            return res;
        }

        n_vocab = gptj_ctx_v1.hparams.n_vocab;

         // determine the required inference memory per token:
        legacy_gptj_eval(gptj_ctx_v1, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, logits, mem_per_token, file_format);

        //if the logits are NAN or duplicated, it means the model is incompatible
        if(logits.size()>0 && IsNanCheck(logits[0]))
        {
            printf("\nBad Logits detected! Retrying GPT-J model loading...");
            ggml_v1_free(gptj_ctx_v1.ctx);
            return ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD;
        }

        return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
    }
    else if(file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_3 || file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_4 || file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_5)
    {
        if(file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_5)
        {
            ModelLoadResult loadresult = gptj_model_load(kcpp_data->model_filename, gptj_ctx_v3, vocab, inputs.gpulayers);
            if (loadresult == ModelLoadResult::FAIL)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to load model from '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
                return loadresult;
            }
            else if (loadresult == ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD)
            {
                printf("\nTensor Transposition Detected! Retrying GPT-J model loading...");
                return loadresult;
            }

            n_vocab = gptj_ctx_v3.hparams.n_vocab;

            // determine the required inference memory per token:
            gptj_eval(gptj_ctx_v3, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, logits, mem_per_token, v3_use_scratch);

            //if the logits are NAN or duplicated, it means the model is incompatible
            std::vector<float> oldlogits(logits);

            //this is another hack because they change the library - we run the eval through the model
            //twice and compare logits. if they give the same logits for different inputs, model is broken
            gptj_eval(gptj_ctx_v3, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, {4, 5, 6, 7}, logits, mem_per_token, v3_use_scratch);

            if(logits.size()>0 && (IsNanCheck(logits[0]) || LogitsDuplicated(oldlogits,logits)))
            {
                printf("\nBad Logits detected! Retrying GPT-J model loading...");
                ggml_v3_free(gptj_ctx_v3.ctx);
                return ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD;
            }

            return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
        }
        else
        {
            //newer format has bit unshuffling
            SetQuantsUnshuffled(file_format == FileFormat::GPTJ_4);

            ModelLoadResult loadresult = gptj_v2_model_load(kcpp_data->model_filename, gptj_ctx_v2, vocab, inputs.gpulayers);
            if (loadresult == ModelLoadResult::FAIL)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to load model from '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
                return loadresult;
            }
            else if (loadresult == ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD)
            {
                printf("\nTensor Transposition Detected! Retrying GPT-J model loading...");
                return loadresult;
            }

            n_vocab = gptj_ctx_v2.hparams.n_vocab;

            // determine the required inference memory per token:
            gptj_v2_eval(gptj_ctx_v2, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, logits, mem_per_token);

            //if the logits are NAN or duplicated, it means the model is incompatible
            std::vector<float> oldlogits(logits);

            //this is another hack because they change the library - we run the eval through the model
            //twice and compare logits. if they give the same logits for different inputs, model is broken
            gptj_v2_eval(gptj_ctx_v2, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, {4, 5, 6, 7}, logits, mem_per_token);

            if(logits.size()>0 && (IsNanCheck(logits[0]) || LogitsDuplicated(oldlogits,logits)))
            {
                printf("\nBad Logits detected! Retrying GPT-J model loading...");
                ggml_v2_free(gptj_ctx_v2.ctx);
                return ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD;
            }

            return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
        }
    }
    else if(file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_1 || file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_2 || file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_3 || file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_4 || file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_5|| file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_6|| file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_7)
    {
        if(file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_6|| file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_7)
        {
            ModelLoadResult res = gpt_neox_model_load(kcpp_data->model_filename, neox_ctx_v3, vocab, file_format, inputs.gpulayers);
            if(res==ModelLoadResult::FAIL)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to load model from '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
                return res;
            }
            else if(res==ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD)
            {
                printf("\nIncorrect Tensor Size Detected! Retrying GPT-NeoX model loading...");
                return res;
            }

            n_vocab = neox_ctx_v3.hparams.n_vocab;

            // determine the required inference memory per token:
            gpt_neox_eval(neox_ctx_v3, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, logits, mem_per_token, v3_use_scratch);

            return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
        }
        else
        {
            //newer format has bit unshuffling
            SetQuantsUnshuffled(file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_4 || file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_5);

            ModelLoadResult res = gpt_neox_v2_model_load(kcpp_data->model_filename, neox_ctx_v2, vocab, file_format);
            if(res==ModelLoadResult::FAIL)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to load model from '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
                return res;
            }
            else if(res==ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD)
            {
                printf("\nIncorrect Tensor Size Detected! Retrying GPT-NeoX model loading...");
                return res;
            }

            n_vocab = neox_ctx_v2.hparams.n_vocab;

            // determine the required inference memory per token:
            gpt_neox_v2_eval(neox_ctx_v2, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, logits, mem_per_token);

            if(logits.size()>0 && file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_2 && !IsNanCheck(logits[0]))
            {
                //run the black magic eval to determine if it's redpajama. VERY UGLY HACK!
                std::vector<int> test_embd = ::gpt_tokenize(vocab, "1 2 3 4 5 6 7");
                auto orig_par_res = neox_ctx_v2.hparams.par_res;
                neox_ctx_v2.hparams.par_res = 0; //test with residual false
                gpt_neox_v2_eval(neox_ctx_v2, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, test_embd, logits, mem_per_token);
                neox_ctx_v2.hparams.par_res = orig_par_res;
                int topid = std::max_element(logits.begin(),logits.end())-logits.begin();
                std::string predicted = vocab.id_to_token[topid].c_str();
                auto findresult = predicted.find("8");
                if(findresult != std::string::npos && findresult<2)
                {
                    printf("\n---\nOld RedPajama NeoX Detected! Switching to new format! (use_parallel_residual=False)\n");
                    ggml_v2_free(neox_ctx_v2.ctx);
                    return ModelLoadResult::RETRY_LOAD;
                }
            }

            return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
        }

    }
    else if(file_format==FileFormat::MPT_1)
    {
        bool res = mpt_model_load(kcpp_data->model_filename, mpt_ctx_v3, vocab, inputs.gpulayers);
        if(res==false)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to load model from '%s'\n", __func__, kcpp_data->model_filename.c_str());
            return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
        }

        n_vocab = mpt_ctx_v3.hparams.n_vocab;

        // determine the required inference memory per token:
        mpt_eval(mpt_ctx_v3, kcpp_data->n_threads, 0, { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, logits, false, mem_per_token, v3_use_scratch);
        return ModelLoadResult::SUCCESS;
    }
    else
    {
        printf("\nUnknown Model, cannot load.\n");
        return ModelLoadResult::FAIL;
    }

}

bool gpttype_generate_abort()
{
    if(kcpp_data==nullptr)
    {
        printf("\nWarning: KCPP text generation not initialized!\n");
    }
    early_abort = true;
    return true;
}

//some quick prompt manipulation helper functions, these mutate the inputs
void ApplyPromptFormatAdjustments(std::string & added_memory, std::string & input_prompt)
{
    //prompt mod to improve coherency for GLM4, by ensuring injection for gmask, sop and an extra space
    //deepseek2 is actually used for glm 4.7 flash
    if (file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && (file_format_meta.model_architecture == llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_GLM4 || file_format_meta.model_architecture == llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_GLM4_MOE || file_format_meta.model_architecture == llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK2)) {
        std::string temp = gpttype_get_chat_template();
        if (temp.find("[gMASK]<sop>") != std::string::npos) {
            if (added_memory == "") {
                if (!input_prompt.empty() && input_prompt.rfind("[gMASK]", 0) == 0) {  //check startswith
                    input_prompt.erase(0, 7);
                }
                if (!input_prompt.empty() && input_prompt.rfind("<sop>", 0) == 0) {  //check startswith
                    input_prompt.erase(0, 5);
                }
                if (!input_prompt.empty() && input_prompt[0] == ' ') {  // check for leading space
                    input_prompt.erase(0, 1);
                }
                added_memory = "[gMASK]<sop> ";
            } else {
                if (!added_memory.empty() && added_memory.rfind("[gMASK]", 0) == 0) {  //check startswith
                    added_memory.erase(0, 7);
                }
                if (!added_memory.empty() && added_memory.rfind("<sop>", 0) == 0) {  //check startswith
                    added_memory.erase(0, 5);
                }
                if (!added_memory.empty() && added_memory[0] == ' ') {  // check for leading space
                    added_memory.erase(0, 1);
                }
                added_memory = "[gMASK]<sop> " + added_memory;
            }
        }
    }

    // prompt mod to increase coherency for gemma4
    if (file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && (file_format_meta.model_architecture == llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_GEMMA4)) {
        std::string temp = gpttype_get_chat_template();
        if (temp.find("<|channel>thought\\n<channel|>") != std::string::npos) {
            const std::string channel_open  = "<|channel>";
            const std::string channel_close = "<channel|>";
            const std::string channel_prefix = channel_open + channel_close;
            const std::string systhink = "<|think|>";

            const std::string fullbody = added_memory + input_prompt;

            const bool has_open  = fullbody.find(channel_open)  != std::string::npos;
            const bool has_close = fullbody.find(channel_close) != std::string::npos;
            const bool has_systhink = fullbody.find(systhink) != std::string::npos;
            const bool ends_with_turn = kcpp_string_ends_with(kcpp_rstrip(fullbody),"<|turn>model");
            const bool acceptable_jinja_exception = (ends_with_turn && has_systhink);

            // If neither opening nor closing tag is present anywhere, prepend both
            if (!has_open && !has_close && !acceptable_jinja_exception) {
                added_memory = channel_prefix + added_memory;
            }
        }
    }
}

void AppendDedicatedMemoryAndNegativePrompt(std::vector<int> & embd_inp, const std::vector<int> & embd_inp_mem, const std::vector<int> & negprompt_tokens, int n_predict, int nctx)
{
    //added special memory, overwrite if needed
    if (embd_inp_mem.size() + negprompt_tokens.size() > 0)
    {
        std::vector<int> embd_inp_mem_copy = embd_inp_mem;

        //remove bos token from prompt, it'll be taken from memory
        std::vector<int> bos;
        TokenizeString("", bos, file_format, add_bos_token);

        if (bos.size()>0 && !embd_inp.empty() && bos[0]==embd_inp[0]) { //strip away bos if exists
            embd_inp.erase(embd_inp.begin());
        }

        //shorten memory if needed
        if (embd_inp_mem_copy.size() > 0 && embd_inp_mem_copy.size() + n_predict + 4 > nctx)
        {
            int offset = embd_inp_mem_copy.size() - nctx + n_predict + 4;
            embd_inp_mem_copy = std::vector<int>(embd_inp_mem_copy.begin() + offset, embd_inp_mem_copy.end());
            //replace bos into front if exists
            if(bos.size()>0 && embd_inp_mem_copy.size()>0)
            {
                embd_inp_mem_copy[0] = bos[0];
            }
        }

        //shorten main prompt by trimming the front if needed
        int addmemtokens = embd_inp_mem_copy.size() + negprompt_tokens.size() + 1;
        int totalsize = (addmemtokens + embd_inp.size() + n_predict);
        if(totalsize > nctx)
        {
            int excess = totalsize - nctx;
            if (embd_inp.size() >= excess) {
                embd_inp.erase(embd_inp.begin(), embd_inp.begin() + excess);
            } else {
                embd_inp.clear();
            }
        }

        //stick memory to front of prompt
        embd_inp.insert(embd_inp.begin(), embd_inp_mem_copy.begin(), embd_inp_mem_copy.end());
        if(add_bos_token && embd_inp.size()>0 && bos.size()>0 && bos[0]!=embd_inp[0])
        {
            embd_inp.insert(embd_inp.begin(), bos[0]);  //insert bos at front, if added
        }
    }
}


//alpin's batching stuff

enum class BatchState
{
    WAITING,
    PREFILL,
    GENERATING,
    FINISHED,
    FAILED,
    ABORTED,
};

struct BatchGenerateRequest
{
    int id = 0;
    int slot = -1;
    BatchState state = BatchState::WAITING;
    std::string prompt;
    std::string prompt_added_memory;
    std::vector<std::string> stop_sequences;
    std::vector<llama_logit_bias> logit_biases;
    int max_context_length = 0;
    int max_length = 0;
    int seed = 0;
    float temperature = 0.0f;
    int top_k = 0;
    float top_p = 1.0f;
    float min_p = 0.0f;
    float typical_p = 1.0f;
    float rep_pen = 1.0f;
    float rep_pen_slope = 1.0f;
    int rep_pen_range = 0;
    float presence_penalty = 0.0f;
    bool allow_eos_token = true;
    bool bypass_eos_token = false;
    bool render_special = false;
    std::vector<llama_token> prompt_tokens;
    int prompt_pos = 0;
    int n_past = 0;
    bool has_pending = false;
    llama_token pending_token = 0;
    int i_batch = -1;
    llama_sampler * sampler = nullptr;
    std::vector<std::string> generated_pieces;
    std::string output;
    int prompt_token_count = 0;
    int completion_token_count = 0;
    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point start_time;
    stop_reason finish_reason = stop_reason::INVALID;
    bool abort_requested = false;
    generation_outputs result;

    ~BatchGenerateRequest()
    {
        if(sampler)
        {
            llama_sampler_free(sampler);
            sampler = nullptr;
        }
    }
};

static std::mutex batch_mutex;
static std::condition_variable batch_cv;
static std::deque<int> batch_waiting;
static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<BatchGenerateRequest>> batch_requests;
static std::thread batch_worker_thread;
static bool batch_worker_stop = false;
static bool batch_worker_started = false;
static bool batch_legacy_active = false;
static bool batch_touched_since_legacy = false;
static int batch_legacy_waiting = 0;
static int batch_next_request_id = 1;
static std::string batch_empty_string = "";

static BatchGenerateRequest * batch_find_request_locked(int request_id)
{
    for(auto & req : batch_requests)
    {
        if(req && req->id == request_id)
        {
            return req.get();
        }
    }
    return nullptr;
}

static bool batch_is_live_state(BatchState state)
{
    return state == BatchState::WAITING || state == BatchState::PREFILL || state == BatchState::GENERATING;
}

static bool batch_has_live_locked()
{
    for(const auto & req : batch_requests)
    {
        if(req && batch_is_live_state(req->state))
        {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

static void batch_invalidate_legacy_context_locked()
{
    if(!batch_touched_since_legacy)
    {
        return;
    }
    batch_touched_since_legacy = false;
    n_past = 0;
    current_context_tokens.clear();
    last_n_tokens.clear();
    smartcontext.clear();
    loaded_latest_logits.clear();
    if(llama_ctx_v4)
    {
        llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4), 0, -1, -1);
    }
    if(draft_ctx)
    {
        llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(draft_ctx), 0, -1, -1);
    }
    if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
    {
        printf("\n[Continuous batching touched shared context; forcing next legacy generation to reprocess prompt]\n");
    }
}

class BatchLegacyGuard
{
public:
    BatchLegacyGuard()
    {
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
        batch_legacy_waiting++;
        batch_cv.notify_all();
        batch_cv.wait(lock, [](){ return !batch_has_live_locked(); });
        batch_legacy_waiting--;
        batch_invalidate_legacy_context_locked();
        batch_legacy_active = true;
    }

    ~BatchLegacyGuard()
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
        batch_legacy_active = false;
        batch_cv.notify_all();
    }
};

static bool batch_inputs_eligible(const generation_inputs & inputs)
{
    if(continuous_batching_slots <= 1 || file_format != FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC || !llama_ctx_v4 || !kcpp_data)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if(draft_ctx || guidance_ctx || inputs.images_len>0 || inputs.audio_len>0)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if(kcpp_data->use_smartcontext || kcpp_data->use_contextshift || kcpp_data->smartcache)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if(inputs.negative_prompt && std::string(inputs.negative_prompt).size() > 0)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if(inputs.images_len > 0 || inputs.audio_len > 0 || inputs.guidance_scale != 1.0f)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if(inputs.grammar && std::string(inputs.grammar).size() > 0)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if(inputs.banned_tokens_len > 0 || inputs.dry_multiplier > 0.0f)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if(inputs.mirostat != 0 || inputs.xtc_probability > 0.0f || inputs.nsigma > 0.0f || inputs.smoothing_factor > 0.0f || inputs.adaptive_target > 0.0f)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if(inputs.top_a > 0.0f || inputs.tfs != 1.0f || inputs.dynatemp_range > 0.0f)
    {
        return false;
    }
    static const int default_sampler_order[] = {6, 0, 1, 3, 4, 2, 5};
    if(inputs.sampler_len > 0)
    {
        if(inputs.sampler_len != 7)
        {
            return false;
        }
        for(int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
        {
            if((int) inputs.sampler_order[i] != default_sampler_order[i])
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
    if(inputs.reasoning_budget >= 0 || inputs.tool_call_fix)
    {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

struct BatchRepPenSampler
{
    int32_t penalty_last_n = 0;
    float penalty_repeat = 1.0f;
    float penalty_slope = 1.0f;
    float penalty_present = 0.0f;
    std::vector<llama_token> prev;
};

static const char * batch_rep_pen_name(const llama_sampler * /*smpl*/)
{
    return "kcpp-batch-rep-pen";
}

static void batch_rep_pen_accept(llama_sampler * smpl, llama_token token)
{
    auto * ctx = (BatchRepPenSampler *) smpl->ctx;
    if(ctx->penalty_last_n <= 0)
    {
        return;
    }
    if(ctx->prev.size() >= (size_t) ctx->penalty_last_n)
    {
        ctx->prev.erase(ctx->prev.begin());
    }
    ctx->prev.push_back(token);
}

static void batch_rep_pen_apply(llama_sampler * smpl, llama_token_data_array * cur_p)
{
    auto * ctx = (BatchRepPenSampler *) smpl->ctx;
    int last_n_repeat = std::min((int) ctx->prev.size(), ctx->penalty_last_n);
    if(last_n_repeat <= 0 || (ctx->penalty_repeat == 1.0f && ctx->penalty_present == 0.0f))
    {
        return;
    }

    const llama_token * last_tokens = ctx->prev.data() + ctx->prev.size() - last_n_repeat;
    std::unordered_set<llama_token> tokens_near(last_tokens + last_n_repeat / 2, last_tokens + last_n_repeat);
    std::unordered_set<llama_token> tokens_far(last_tokens, last_tokens + last_n_repeat / 2);

    float penalty_reduced = ctx->penalty_repeat;
    if(penalty_reduced > 1.0f)
    {
        penalty_reduced = 1.0f + ((ctx->penalty_repeat - 1.0f) * ctx->penalty_slope);
    }

    for(size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i)
    {
        const bool token_in_near = tokens_near.find(cur_p->data[i].id) != tokens_near.end();
        const bool token_in_far = tokens_far.find(cur_p->data[i].id) != tokens_far.end();
        if(!token_in_near && !token_in_far)
        {
            continue;
        }

        float penalty = token_in_near ? ctx->penalty_repeat : penalty_reduced;
        if(cur_p->data[i].logit <= 0)
        {
            cur_p->data[i].logit *= penalty;
        }
        else
        {
            cur_p->data[i].logit /= penalty;
        }
        cur_p->data[i].logit -= ctx->penalty_present;
    }

    cur_p->sorted = false;
}

static void batch_rep_pen_reset(llama_sampler * smpl)
{
    auto * ctx = (BatchRepPenSampler *) smpl->ctx;
    ctx->prev.clear();
}

static llama_sampler * batch_rep_pen_clone(const llama_sampler * smpl)
{
    const auto * ctx = (const BatchRepPenSampler *) smpl->ctx;
    auto * result = llama_sampler_init(smpl->iface, new BatchRepPenSampler {
        ctx->penalty_last_n,
        ctx->penalty_repeat,
        ctx->penalty_slope,
        ctx->penalty_present,
        ctx->prev,
    });
    return result;
}

static void batch_rep_pen_free(llama_sampler * smpl)
{
    delete (BatchRepPenSampler *) smpl->ctx;
}

static llama_sampler_i batch_rep_pen_i = {
    /* .name              = */ batch_rep_pen_name,
    /* .accept            = */ batch_rep_pen_accept,
    /* .apply             = */ batch_rep_pen_apply,
    /* .reset             = */ batch_rep_pen_reset,
    /* .clone             = */ batch_rep_pen_clone,
    /* .free              = */ batch_rep_pen_free,
    /* .backend_init      = */ nullptr,
    /* .backend_accept    = */ nullptr,
    /* .backend_apply     = */ nullptr,
    /* .backend_set_input = */ nullptr,
};

static llama_sampler * batch_rep_pen_init(int32_t penalty_last_n, float penalty_repeat, float penalty_slope, float penalty_present)
{
    penalty_last_n = std::max(penalty_last_n, 0);
    if(penalty_slope <= 0.0f || penalty_slope > 1.0f)
    {
        penalty_slope = 1.0f;
    }
    return llama_sampler_init(&batch_rep_pen_i, new BatchRepPenSampler {
        penalty_last_n,
        penalty_repeat <= 0.0f ? 1.0f : penalty_repeat,
        penalty_slope,
        penalty_present,
        {},
    });
}

static llama_sampler * batch_build_sampler(const BatchGenerateRequest & req)
{
    llama_sampler_chain_params params = llama_sampler_chain_default_params();
    llama_sampler * chain = llama_sampler_chain_init(params);
    llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, batch_rep_pen_init(
        req.rep_pen_range,
        req.rep_pen,
        req.rep_pen_slope,
        req.presence_penalty));
    if(req.logit_biases.size()>0)
    {
        int32_t n_vocab = llama_vocab_n_tokens(llama_model_get_vocab(llama_get_model(llama_ctx_v4)));
        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, llama_sampler_init_logit_bias(n_vocab, req.logit_biases.size(), req.logit_biases.data()));
    }
    if(req.top_k > 0)
    {
        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, llama_sampler_init_top_k(req.top_k));
    }
    if(req.top_p > 0.0f && req.top_p < 1.0f)
    {
        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, llama_sampler_init_top_p(req.top_p, 1));
    }
    if(req.min_p > 0.0f)
    {
        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, llama_sampler_init_min_p(req.min_p, 1));
    }
    if(req.typical_p > 0.0f && req.typical_p < 1.0f)
    {
        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, llama_sampler_init_typical(req.typical_p, 1));
    }
    if(req.temperature > 0.0f)
    {
        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, llama_sampler_init_temp(req.temperature));
        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, llama_sampler_init_dist(req.seed < 0 ? LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED : (uint32_t) req.seed));
    }
    else
    {
        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, llama_sampler_init_greedy());
    }
    return chain;
}

static void batch_finish_request_locked(BatchGenerateRequest & req, stop_reason reason)
{
    auto finish_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
    float total_time = req.start_time.time_since_epoch().count() == 0 ? 0.0f : std::chrono::duration<float>(finish_time - req.start_time).count();
    float generated_tps = total_time > 0.0f ? (float) req.completion_token_count / total_time : 0.0f;
    req.finish_reason = reason;
    req.result.status = (reason == stop_reason::ERROR_ENCOUNTERED) ? 0 : 1;
    req.result.stopreason = reason;
    req.result.prompt_tokens = req.prompt_token_count;
    req.result.completion_tokens = req.completion_token_count;
    req.result.text = req.output.c_str();
    req.state = reason == stop_reason::ERROR_ENCOUNTERED ? BatchState::FAILED : (reason == stop_reason::INVALID ? BatchState::ABORTED : BatchState::FINISHED);
    if(req.slot >= 0 && llama_ctx_v4)
    {
        llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4), req.slot, -1, -1);
    }
    req.slot = -1;
    printf("\n[%s] BatchRequest:%d, Prompt:%d, Generated:%d/%d in %.2fs (%.2fT/s), Stop:%d",
        get_timestamp_str().c_str(), req.id, req.prompt_token_count, req.completion_token_count, req.max_length, total_time, generated_tps, (int) reason);
    fflush(stdout);
    batch_cv.notify_all();
}

static bool batch_output_hit_stop(const BatchGenerateRequest & req)
{
    for(const auto & stopper : req.stop_sequences)
    {
        if(!stopper.empty() && req.output.find(stopper) != std::string::npos)
        {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

static bool batch_claim_waiting_locked()
{
    bool claimed = false;
    for(int slot = 1; slot <= continuous_batching_slots && !batch_waiting.empty(); ++slot)
    {
        bool occupied = false;
        for(const auto & req : batch_requests)
        {
            if(req && req->slot == slot && batch_is_live_state(req->state))
            {
                occupied = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if(occupied)
        {
            continue;
        }
        int request_id = batch_waiting.front();
        batch_waiting.pop_front();
        BatchGenerateRequest * req = batch_find_request_locked(request_id);
        if(!req || req->state != BatchState::WAITING)
        {
            continue;
        }
        req->slot = slot;
        req->state = BatchState::PREFILL;
        batch_touched_since_legacy = true;

        ApplyPromptFormatAdjustments(req->prompt_added_memory, req->prompt);
        std::vector<llama_token> added_memory_tokens; //temporary buf before copying over

        TokenizeString(req->prompt, req->prompt_tokens, file_format, add_bos_token);
        if(req->prompt_tokens.empty())
        {
            TokenizeString("", req->prompt_tokens, file_format, add_bos_token);
        }
        if(req->prompt_added_memory!="")
        {
            TokenizeString(req->prompt_added_memory, added_memory_tokens, file_format, add_bos_token);
        }

        int n_ctx = req->max_context_length > 0 ? std::min(req->max_context_length, kcpp_data->n_ctx) : kcpp_data->n_ctx;
        AppendDedicatedMemoryAndNegativePrompt(req->prompt_tokens, added_memory_tokens, std::vector<llama_token>(), req->max_length, n_ctx);

        if(req->max_length > 0 && (int) req->prompt_tokens.size() + req->max_length > n_ctx)
        {
            int keep = std::max(1, n_ctx - req->max_length);
            if((int) req->prompt_tokens.size() > keep)
            {
                req->prompt_tokens.erase(req->prompt_tokens.begin(), req->prompt_tokens.end() - keep);
            }
        }

        if (debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
        {
            std::string outstr = "";
            printf("\n\n[Debug: Dump %zu Raw Input Tokens]\n",req->prompt_tokens.size());
            outstr += get_tok_vec_str(req->prompt_tokens);
            printf("%s\n", RemoveBell(outstr).c_str());
        }

        req->prompt_token_count = req->prompt_tokens.size();
        req->sampler = batch_build_sampler(*req);
        for(llama_token token : req->prompt_tokens)
        {
            llama_sampler_accept(req->sampler, token);
        }
        req->prompt_pos = 0;
        req->n_past = 0;
        req->has_pending = false;
        req->i_batch = -1;
        req->start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
        llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4), slot, -1, -1);
        claimed = true;
    }
    return claimed;
}

static void batch_worker_loop()
{
    const int batch_cap = std::max(1, kcpp_data ? kcpp_data->n_batch : 512);
    llama_batch batch = llama_batch_init(batch_cap, 0, 1);
    while(true)
    {
        std::vector<int> decode_ids;
        {
            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
            batch_cv.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::milliseconds(5), [](){
                return batch_worker_stop || (!batch_legacy_active && batch_has_live_locked());
            });
            if(batch_worker_stop)
            {
                break;
            }
            if(batch_legacy_active)
            {
                continue;
            }
            batch_claim_waiting_locked();
            common_batch_clear(batch);
            for(auto & req_ptr : batch_requests)
            {
                if(!req_ptr || !batch_is_live_state(req_ptr->state) || req_ptr->slot < 0 || batch.n_tokens >= batch_cap)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                BatchGenerateRequest & req = *req_ptr;
                req.i_batch = -1;
                if(req.abort_requested)
                {
                    batch_finish_request_locked(req, stop_reason::INVALID);
                    continue;
                }
                if(req.state == BatchState::PREFILL)
                {
                    while(req.prompt_pos < (int) req.prompt_tokens.size() && batch.n_tokens < batch_cap)
                    {
                        bool is_last = req.prompt_pos == (int) req.prompt_tokens.size() - 1;
                        if(is_last)
                        {
                            req.i_batch = batch.n_tokens;
                        }
                        common_batch_add(batch, req.prompt_tokens[req.prompt_pos], req.n_past, { req.slot }, is_last);
                        req.prompt_pos++;
                        req.n_past++;
                    }
                    if(req.prompt_pos == (int) req.prompt_tokens.size())
                    {
                        req.state = BatchState::GENERATING;
                    }
                }
                else if(req.state == BatchState::GENERATING && req.has_pending)
                {
                    req.i_batch = batch.n_tokens;
                    common_batch_add(batch, req.pending_token, req.n_past, { req.slot }, true);
                    req.n_past++;
                    req.has_pending = false;
                }
            }
            if(batch.n_tokens == 0)
            {
                continue;
            }
            for(auto & req_ptr : batch_requests)
            {
                if(req_ptr && req_ptr->i_batch >= 0)
                {
                    decode_ids.push_back(req_ptr->id);
                }
            }
        }

        int decode_status = llama_decode(llama_ctx_v4, batch);

        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
        if(decode_status != 0)
        {
            for(int request_id : decode_ids)
            {
                BatchGenerateRequest * req = batch_find_request_locked(request_id);
                if(req && batch_is_live_state(req->state))
                {
                    batch_finish_request_locked(*req, stop_reason::ERROR_ENCOUNTERED);
                }
            }
            continue;
        }

        const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(llama_get_model(llama_ctx_v4));
        const std::vector<llama_token> eog_tokens = GetEogIDs(file_format,n_vocab);
        for(int request_id : decode_ids)
        {
            BatchGenerateRequest * req = batch_find_request_locked(request_id);
            if(!req || req->state != BatchState::GENERATING || req->i_batch < 0)
            {
                continue;
            }
            llama_token sampled = llama_sampler_sample(req->sampler, llama_ctx_v4, req->i_batch);
            req->completion_token_count++;
            bool is_eog = std::find(eog_tokens.begin(), eog_tokens.end(), sampled) != eog_tokens.end();
            if(is_eog && !req->bypass_eos_token)
            {
                batch_finish_request_locked(*req, stop_reason::EOS_TOKEN_HIT);
                continue;
            }
            std::string piece = FileFormatTokenizeID(sampled, file_format, req->render_special);
            req->generated_pieces.push_back(piece);
            req->output += piece;
            if(batch_output_hit_stop(*req))
            {
                batch_finish_request_locked(*req, stop_reason::CUSTOM_STOPPER);
                continue;
            }
            if(req->max_length > 0 && req->completion_token_count >= req->max_length)
            {
                batch_finish_request_locked(*req, stop_reason::OUT_OF_TOKENS);
                continue;
            }
            req->pending_token = sampled;
            req->has_pending = true;
            req->i_batch = -1;
        }
    }
    llama_batch_free(batch);
}

static void batch_start_worker_locked()
{
    if(batch_worker_started)
    {
        return;
    }
    batch_worker_stop = false;
    batch_worker_thread = std::thread(batch_worker_loop);
    batch_worker_thread.detach();
    batch_worker_started = true;
}

bool gpttype_batch_generate_enabled()
{
    return continuous_batching_slots > 1 && file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && llama_ctx_v4 && kcpp_data;
}

int gpttype_batch_generate_submit(const generation_inputs inputs)
{
    if(!batch_inputs_eligible(inputs))
    {
        return -1;
    }
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
    if(batch_legacy_active || batch_legacy_waiting > 0)
    {
        return -1;
    }
    auto req = std::make_unique<BatchGenerateRequest>();
    req->id = batch_next_request_id++;
    req->prompt = inputs.prompt ? inputs.prompt : "";
    req->prompt_added_memory = inputs.memory ? inputs.memory : "";
    req->max_context_length = inputs.max_context_length;
    req->max_length = inputs.max_length;
    req->seed = inputs.seed;
    req->temperature = inputs.temperature;
    req->top_k = inputs.top_k;
    req->top_p = inputs.top_p;
    req->min_p = inputs.min_p;
    req->typical_p = inputs.typical_p;
    req->rep_pen = inputs.rep_pen;
    req->rep_pen_slope = inputs.rep_pen_slope;
    req->rep_pen_range = inputs.rep_pen_range;
    req->presence_penalty = inputs.presence_penalty;
    req->allow_eos_token = inputs.allow_eos_token;
    req->bypass_eos_token = inputs.bypass_eos_token;
    req->render_special = inputs.render_special;
    req->logit_biases = {};
    for(int i = 0; i < inputs.logit_biases_len; ++i)
    {
        int32_t t_id = inputs.logit_biases[i].token_id;
        float bias = inputs.logit_biases[i].bias;
        if(t_id >= 0 && t_id < n_vocab && bias!=0)
        {
           req->logit_biases.push_back({t_id, bias});
        }
    }
    if(!req->allow_eos_token && !req->bypass_eos_token) //eos token bans
    {
        const std::vector<llama_token> eog_tokens = GetEogIDs(file_format,n_vocab);
        for(int x = 0; x < eog_tokens.size(); ++x)
        {
            req->logit_biases.push_back({eog_tokens[x], -999.0f});
        }
    }
    for(int i = 0; i < inputs.stop_sequence_len; ++i)
    {
        if(inputs.stop_sequence[i])
        {
            req->stop_sequences.emplace_back(inputs.stop_sequence[i]);
        }
    }
    int request_id = req->id;
    batch_requests.emplace_back(std::move(req));
    batch_waiting.push_back(request_id);
    batch_start_worker_locked();
    batch_cv.notify_all();
    return request_id;
}

bool gpttype_batch_generate_has_finished(int request_id)
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
    BatchGenerateRequest * req = batch_find_request_locked(request_id);
    return !req || !batch_is_live_state(req->state);
}

int gpttype_batch_generate_stream_count(int request_id)
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
    BatchGenerateRequest * req = batch_find_request_locked(request_id);
    return req ? req->generated_pieces.size() : 0;
}

const char * gpttype_batch_generate_new_token(int request_id, int idx)
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
    BatchGenerateRequest * req = batch_find_request_locked(request_id);
    if(!req || idx < 0 || idx >= (int) req->generated_pieces.size())
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
    return req->generated_pieces[idx].c_str();
}

const char * gpttype_batch_generate_pending_output(int request_id)
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
    BatchGenerateRequest * req = batch_find_request_locked(request_id);
    if(!req)
    {
        return batch_empty_string.c_str();
    }
    return req->output.c_str();
}

generation_outputs gpttype_batch_generate_result(int request_id)
{
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
    batch_cv.wait(lock, [request_id](){
        BatchGenerateRequest * req = batch_find_request_locked(request_id);
        return !req || !batch_is_live_state(req->state);
    });
    BatchGenerateRequest * req = batch_find_request_locked(request_id);
    if(!req)
    {
        generation_outputs output;
        output.status = 0;
        output.stopreason = stop_reason::ERROR_ENCOUNTERED;
        output.prompt_tokens = 0;
        output.completion_tokens = 0;
        output.text = batch_empty_string.c_str();
        return output;
    }
    req->result.text = req->output.c_str();
    return req->result;
}

bool gpttype_batch_generate_abort(int request_id)
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
    BatchGenerateRequest * req = batch_find_request_locked(request_id);
    if(!req)
    {
        return false;
    }
    req->abort_requested = true;
    batch_cv.notify_all();
    return true;
}

void gpttype_batch_generate_release(int request_id)
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(batch_mutex);
    batch_requests.erase(std::remove_if(batch_requests.begin(), batch_requests.end(), [request_id](const std::unique_ptr<BatchGenerateRequest> & req){
        return req && req->id == request_id && !batch_is_live_state(req->state);
    }), batch_requests.end());
    batch_cv.notify_all();
}

std::string gpttype_get_chat_template()
{
    if(kcpp_data==nullptr)
    {
        printf("\nWarning: KCPP text generation not initialized!\n");
        return "";
    }
    if(overridden_jinja_template!="")
    {
        return overridden_jinja_template;
    }
    if(file_format!=FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC || !llama_ctx_v4)
    {
        return "";
    }
    // copied from examples/server/utils.hpp::llama_get_chat_template
    std::string template_key = "tokenizer.chat_template";
    // call with NULL buffer to get the total size of the string
    int32_t res = llama_model_meta_val_str(llama_get_model(llama_ctx_v4), template_key.c_str(), NULL, 0);
    if (res < 0) {
        return "";
    }

    std::vector<char> model_template(res + 1, 0);
    llama_model_meta_val_str(llama_get_model(llama_ctx_v4), template_key.c_str(), model_template.data(), model_template.size());
    return std::string(model_template.data(), model_template.size() - 1);
}

std::vector<int> gpttype_get_token_arr(const std::string & input, bool addbos)
{
    std::vector<int> toks;
    if(kcpp_data==nullptr)
    {
        printf("\nWarning: KCPP text generation not initialized!\n");
        return toks;
    }
    if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
    {
        printf("\nFileFormat: %d, Tokenizing: %s",file_format ,input.c_str());
    }
    TokenizeString(input, toks, file_format,addbos);
    int tokcount = toks.size();
    if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
    {
        printf("\nTokens Counted: %d\n",tokcount);
    }
    return toks;
}

std::string gpttype_detokenize(const std::vector<int> & inputids, bool render_special)
{
    if(kcpp_data==nullptr)
    {
        printf("\nWarning: KCPP text generation not initialized!\n");
        return "";
    }

    std::string output = "";
    for (auto eid : inputids)
    {
        if(eid<0 || eid>=n_vocab)
        {
            continue;
        }
        std::string tokenizedstr = FileFormatTokenizeID(eid, file_format, render_special);
        output += tokenizedstr;
    }
    return output;
}

const std::string & gpttype_get_pending_output()
{
    if(kcpp_data==nullptr)
    {
        printf("\nWarning: KCPP text generation not initialized!\n");
        return concat_output_reader_copy_poll;
    }
    concat_output_mtx.lock();
    concat_output_reader_copy_poll = concat_output;
    concat_output_mtx.unlock();
    return concat_output_reader_copy_poll;
}

const std::vector<TopPicksData> gpttype_get_top_picks_data()
{
    return top_picks_history;
}

bool VecContainsIntVal(const std::vector<int> & vec, const int val)
{
    for (const auto &matched : vec)
    {
        if (val == matched)
        {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

int GetThreadsToUse(bool blasmode)
{
    if (blasmode)
    {
        #if defined(GGML_USE_CUDA) || defined(GGML_USE_VULKAN)
            return kcpp_data->n_blasthreads;
        #else
            return std::min(kcpp_data->n_blasthreads, 4);
        #endif
    }
    return kcpp_data->n_threads;
}

static mtmd_bitmap * kcpp_mtmd_bitmap_init_image_from_buf(const unsigned char * buf, size_t len, int maxdims)
{
    int nx = 0;
    int ny = 0;
    int nc = 0;
    uint8_t * data = stbi_load_from_memory(buf, (int)len, &nx, &ny, &nc, 3);
    if(data == nullptr)
    {
        printf("\nError: MTMD image failed to decode bytes.");
        return nullptr;
    }

    if(maxdims > 0 && (nx > maxdims || ny > maxdims))
    {
        const float aspect_ratio = static_cast<float>(nx) / ny;
        int new_width = nx;
        int new_height = ny;
        if(aspect_ratio > 1.0f)
        {
            new_width = maxdims;
            new_height = std::max(1, static_cast<int>(maxdims / aspect_ratio));
        }
        else
        {
            new_height = maxdims;
            new_width = std::max(1, static_cast<int>(maxdims * aspect_ratio));
        }

        printf("\nImage requires resizing: original size %d x %d scaling to max %d px", nx, ny, maxdims);
        uint8_t * resized_image = (uint8_t *)malloc((size_t)new_width * new_height * 3);
        if(resized_image != nullptr && stbir_resize_uint8(data, nx, ny, 0, resized_image, new_width, new_height, 0, 3))
        {
            stbi_image_free(data);
            data = resized_image;
            nx = new_width;
            ny = new_height;
            printf("\nResized to clamped to %d x %d", nx, ny);
        }
        else
        {
            printf("\nWarning: MTMD image resize failed, using original image.");
            free(resized_image);
        }
    }

    const float maxaspect = 4.0f;
    const float aspect_ratio = static_cast<float>(nx) / ny;
    int out_width = nx;
    int out_height = ny;
    bool need_letterbox = false;
    if(aspect_ratio > maxaspect)
    {
        out_height = std::max(1, static_cast<int>(nx / maxaspect));
        need_letterbox = true;
    }
    else if(aspect_ratio < 1.0f / maxaspect)
    {
        out_width = std::max(1, static_cast<int>(ny / maxaspect));
        need_letterbox = true;
    }

    mtmd_bitmap * bitmap = nullptr;
    if(need_letterbox)
    {
        printf("\nImage requires letterboxing: %d x %d changed to %d x %d", nx, ny, out_width, out_height);
        std::vector<uint8_t> letterboxed((size_t)out_width * out_height * 3, 0);
        int offset_x = (out_width - nx) / 2;
        int offset_y = (out_height - ny) / 2;
        for(int y = 0; y < ny; ++y)
        {
            memcpy(
                letterboxed.data() + ((y + offset_y) * out_width + offset_x) * 3,
                data + y * nx * 3,
                (size_t)nx * 3);
        }
        bitmap = mtmd_bitmap_init(out_width, out_height, letterboxed.data());
    }
    else
    {
        bitmap = mtmd_bitmap_init(nx, ny, data);
    }

    stbi_image_free(data);
    return bitmap;
}

//this function prepares the mtmd chunks for media. it's only needed when media changes
static void PrepareMediaEmbds(const int nctx, const std::vector<int> & media_intro, const std::vector<int> & media_outro)
{
    if (mtmd_ctx)
    {
        int introsize = media_intro.size();
        int outrosize = media_outro.size();
        last_media_mem.clear();

        for(int i=0;i<media_objects.size();++i)
        {
            std::string media_obj = media_objects[i].b64data;
            const std::vector<uint8_t> media_data_buffer = kcpp_base64_decode(media_obj);
            mtmd::bitmap bitmap(media_objects[i].is_audio
                ? mtmd_helper_bitmap_init_from_buf(mtmd_ctx, media_data_buffer.data(), media_data_buffer.size(),false).bitmap
                : kcpp_mtmd_bitmap_init_image_from_buf(media_data_buffer.data(), media_data_buffer.size(), vision_max_res));
            if(!bitmap.ptr)
            {
                printf("\nError: MTMD media %d failed to load!",i);
                continue;
            }
            mtmd_input_text inp_txt = {
                mtmd_default_marker(),
                /* add_special */ false,
                /* parse_special */ true,
            };
            mtmd::input_chunks chunks(mtmd_input_chunks_init());
            std::vector<const mtmd_bitmap *> bitmaps = { bitmap.ptr.get() };
            int32_t tokenized = mtmd_tokenize(mtmd_ctx, chunks.ptr.get(), &inp_txt, bitmaps.data(), bitmaps.size());
            if(tokenized != 0)
            {
                media_composite_image_signature = ""; //force invalidate
                printf("\nError: MTMD media %d failed to tokenize! (status %d)",i, tokenized);
                continue;
            }

            int mediatokensneeded = 0;
            bool seen_media_embedding = false;
            bool used_fallback_boundary_tokens = false;
            std::vector<int> fallback_start_seq;
            std::vector<int> fallback_end_seq;
            for(size_t j=0;j<chunks.size();++j)
            {
                const mtmd_input_chunk * mtmdchunk = chunks[j];
                if(mtmd_text_chunk_has_invalid_tokens(mtmdchunk))
                {
                    std::vector<int> fallback_tokens;
                    TokenizeString(seen_media_embedding ? "</media>" : "<media>", fallback_tokens, file_format, false);
                    if(fallback_tokens.size() > 0)
                    {
                        if(seen_media_embedding)
                        {
                            fallback_end_seq.insert(fallback_end_seq.end(), fallback_tokens.begin(), fallback_tokens.end());
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            fallback_start_seq.insert(fallback_start_seq.end(), fallback_tokens.begin(), fallback_tokens.end());
                        }
                    }
                    used_fallback_boundary_tokens = true;
                    continue;
                }
                media_chunk chunk;
                chunk.is_audio = media_objects[i].is_audio;
                chunk.mtmd_chunk = mtmd_input_chunk_copy(mtmdchunk);
                chunk.clp_image_tokens = mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_pos(mtmdchunk);
                mediatokensneeded += chunk.clp_image_tokens;
                media_objects[i].mediachunks.push_back(chunk);
                if(mtmd_input_chunk_get_type(mtmdchunk) != MTMD_INPUT_CHUNK_TYPE_TEXT)
                {
                    seen_media_embedding = true;
                }
            }
            if(fallback_start_seq.size() > 0)
            {
                media_objects[i].chunk_start_seq.insert(media_objects[i].chunk_start_seq.end(), fallback_start_seq.begin(), fallback_start_seq.end());
            }
            if(fallback_end_seq.size() > 0)
            {
                media_objects[i].chunk_end_seq.insert(media_objects[i].chunk_end_seq.begin(), fallback_end_seq.begin(), fallback_end_seq.end());
            }
            if(used_fallback_boundary_tokens)
            {
                printf("\nWarning: MTMD media %d produced invalid model-specific boundary tokens. Falling back to generic <media> and </media> marker text.", i);
            }
            const int boundarytokensneeded = media_objects[i].chunk_start_seq.size() + media_objects[i].chunk_end_seq.size();
            mediatokensneeded += boundarytokensneeded;
            if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
            {
                printf("\nMTMD Media %i used Tokens: %d",i,mediatokensneeded);
            }
            if(mediatokensneeded>0 && mediatokensneeded < nctx)
            {
                int tokcnt = mediatokensneeded;
                if(i==0)
                {
                    tokcnt += introsize + outrosize;
                }
                for(int n=0;n<tokcnt;++n)
                {
                    last_media_mem.push_back(current_media_identifier);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                media_composite_image_signature = ""; //force invalidate
                printf("\nWarning: Media excluded - Context size too low or not enough mtmd tokens! (needed %d)\nMedia will be IGNORED! You probably want to relaunch with a larger context size!\n",mediatokensneeded);
            }
        }
    }
}

static const int smartcache_snapshot_min_spacing = 150;

static bool smartcache_prefix_compatible(const std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> & a, const std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> & b)
{
    const size_t min_size = std::min(a.size(), b.size());
    for(size_t i=0;i<min_size;++i)
    {
        if(a[i]!=b[i])
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

static int get_nearby_compatible_smartcache_slot()
{
    int best_slot = -1;
    size_t best_size = (size_t)-1;
    const size_t currctxsize = current_context_tokens.size();
    for(int i=0;i<savestate_limit;++i)
    {
        const auto & slot_tokens = savestates[i].savestate_context_tokens;
        if(slot_tokens.empty() || savestates[i].media_signature!=media_composite_image_signature)
        {
            continue;
        }
        const size_t slot_size = slot_tokens.size();
        const size_t distance = slot_size > currctxsize ? slot_size - currctxsize : currctxsize - slot_size;
        if(distance > smartcache_snapshot_min_spacing)
        {
            continue;
        }
        if(!smartcache_prefix_compatible(slot_tokens,current_context_tokens))
        {
            continue;
        }
        if(slot_size < best_size)
        {
            best_size = slot_size;
            best_slot = i;
        }
    }
    return best_slot;
}

int smartcache_quick_snapshot(int specific_slot = -1)
{
    int identical_slot = get_identical_existing_slot();
    if(identical_slot==-1)
    {
        if(specific_slot==-1)
        {
            int nearby_slot = get_nearby_compatible_smartcache_slot();
            if(nearby_slot!=-1)
            {
                if(savestates[nearby_slot].savestate_context_tokens.size() <= current_context_tokens.size())
                {
                    touch_slot(nearby_slot);
                    return nearby_slot;
                }
                gpttype_save_state_kv(nearby_slot);
                return nearby_slot;
            }
        }
        if(specific_slot!=-1)
        {
            gpttype_save_state_kv(specific_slot);
            return specific_slot;
        }
        else
        {
            int oldest_slot = get_oldest_slot(-1);
            gpttype_save_state_kv(oldest_slot);
            return oldest_slot;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        touch_slot(identical_slot);
        return identical_slot;
    }
}

generation_outputs gpttype_generate(const generation_inputs inputs)
{
    BatchLegacyGuard batch_legacy_guard;
    generation_outputs output;

    if(kcpp_data==nullptr)
    {
        printf("\nWarning: KCPP text generation not initialized!\n");
        output.text = nullptr;
        output.status = 0;
        output.prompt_tokens = output.completion_tokens = 0;
        last_stop_reason = stop_reason::ERROR_ENCOUNTERED;
        output.stopreason = last_stop_reason;
        generation_finished = true;
        return output;
    }

    if(debugmode==1 && file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        llama_perf_context_reset(llama_ctx_v4);
    }

    showed_rnn_warning = false;
    generation_finished = false; // Set current generation status
    generated_tokens.clear(); // New Generation, new tokens
    delayed_generated_tokens.clear();

    concat_output_mtx.lock();
    concat_output = "";
    concat_output_reader_copy_poll = "";
    concat_output_reader_copy_res = "";
    concat_output_mtx.unlock();
    last_stop_reason = stop_reason::OUT_OF_TOKENS;
    stop_sequence.clear();
    special_stop_sequence.clear();
    dry_repeat_count.clear();
    dry_sequence_breakers.clear();
    dry_max_token_repeat.clear();
    top_picks_history.clear();
    early_abort = false;

    double init_time = 0, process_time = 0, gen_time = 0;
    timer_start();

    bool media_data_changed = false;

    for(int x=0;x<inputs.stop_sequence_len;++x)
    {
        std::string stopper = inputs.stop_sequence[x];
        if(stopper!="")
        {
            stop_sequence.push_back(stopper);

            //if it tokenizes to a single token, AND it's a single non-printable special token, use that
            std::vector<int> tmp;
            TokenizeString(stopper, tmp, file_format, false);

            if(tmp.size()==1) //tokenizes to exactly 1 special token
            {
                int specialid = tmp[0];
                std::string tokenizedstr = FileFormatTokenizeID(specialid, file_format);
                if(tokenizedstr=="") //must NOT have a text representation
                {
                    special_stop_sequence.push_back(specialid);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    //handle custom token bans and antislop phrase banning
    banned_phrases.clear();
    delayed_generated_tokens_limit = 0;
    antislop_banned_token_ids.clear();
    banned_tokens.clear();
    for(int x=0;x<inputs.banned_tokens_len;++x)
    {
        std::string word = inputs.banned_tokens[x];
        word = toLowerCase(word);
        if(word!="")
        {
            std::vector<int> toks;
            TokenizeString(word, toks, file_format, false);
            int tokcount = toks.size();
            if(tokcount==0)
            {
                continue;
            }
            if(tokcount==1 && word.length()<12) //only use banned tokens for single characters, we can assume that means less than 12 chars usually
            {
                banned_tokens.push_back(word);
            }
            else
            {
                tokcount += 3; //add some extra buffer
                delayed_generated_tokens_limit = (tokcount > delayed_generated_tokens_limit ? tokcount : delayed_generated_tokens_limit);
                banned_phrases.push_back(word);
            }
        }
    }

    banned_token_ids.clear();
    toolcall_prevented_ids.clear();
    if(banned_tokens.size()>0)
    {
        if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
        {
            printf("\nBanning %zu single character sequences...",banned_tokens.size());
        }
        for(int v=0;v<n_vocab;++v)
        {
            std::string word = FileFormatTokenizeID(v,file_format, true);
            word = toLowerCase(word);
            for(int i=0;i<banned_tokens.size();++i)
            {
                if (word.find(banned_tokens[i]) != std::string::npos)
                {
                    banned_token_ids.push_back(v);
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
        {
            printf("\nBanned a total of %zu individual tokens.\n",banned_token_ids.size());
        }
    }
    if(inputs.tool_call_fix)
    {
        for(int v=0;v<n_vocab;++v)
        {
            std::string word = FileFormatTokenizeID(v,file_format, true);
            word = toLowerCase(word);
            if (word.find(']') != std::string::npos)
            {
                toolcall_prevented_ids.push_back(v);
            }
        }
    }

    if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet && banned_phrases.size()>0)
    {
        printf("\nBanned a total of %zu phrases, with max token count of %d.\n",banned_phrases.size(),delayed_generated_tokens_limit);
    }

    logit_biases.clear();
    for(int x=0;x<inputs.logit_biases_len;++x)
    {
        int32_t t_id = inputs.logit_biases[x].token_id;
        float bias = inputs.logit_biases[x].bias;
        if(t_id >= 0 && t_id < n_vocab && bias!=0)
        {
           logit_biases.push_back(inputs.logit_biases[x]);
        }
    }

    std::string addedmemory = inputs.memory;
    std::string negative_prompt = inputs.negative_prompt;

    std::vector<int> media_intro; //added before media list
    std::vector<int> media_outro; //added before media list
    std::string intro = "\nAttached Media:\n";
    if(mtmd_ctx && kcpp_mtmd_is_gemma4uv(mtmd_ctx)) //ugly fix for gemma4uv vision coherency
    {
        intro = "\n<|channel><channel|>" + intro;
    }
    TokenizeString(intro, media_intro, file_format, true);

    //clear previous run media memory, just-in-time free
    for(int i=0;i<media_objects.size();++i)
    {
        if(media_objects[i].b64data!="")
        {
            for(int j=0;j<media_objects[i].mediachunks.size();++j)
            {
                if(media_objects[i].mediachunks[j].mtmd_chunk!=nullptr)
                {
                    mtmd_input_chunk_free(static_cast<mtmd_input_chunk *>(media_objects[i].mediachunks[j].mtmd_chunk));
                    media_objects[i].mediachunks[j].mtmd_chunk = nullptr;
                }
            }
            media_objects[i].mediachunks.clear();
        }
    }
    media_objects.clear();
    std::string new_media_composite = "";

    for(int x=0;x<inputs.images_len;++x)
    {
        std::string item = inputs.images[x];
        if(item!="")
        {
            media_object lv;
            lv.b64data = item;
            lv.is_audio = false;
            TokenizeString("\n\n", lv.chunk_end_seq, file_format, false);
            media_objects.push_back(lv);
            new_media_composite += item;
        }
    }
    for(int x=0;x<inputs.audio_len;++x)
    {
        std::string item = inputs.audio[x];
        if(item!="")
        {
            media_object lv;
            lv.b64data = item;
            lv.is_audio = true;
            TokenizeString("\n\n", lv.chunk_end_seq, file_format, false);
            media_objects.push_back(lv);
            new_media_composite += item;
        }
    }
    if(media_composite_image_signature!=new_media_composite)
    {
        //images have changed. swap identifiers to force reprocessing
        current_media_identifier = (current_media_identifier==MEDIA_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER_A?MEDIA_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER_B:MEDIA_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER_A);
        media_composite_image_signature = new_media_composite;
        if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
        {
            printf("\nAttached media changed, existing multimodal cache invalidated");
        }
        media_data_changed = true;
    }

    kcpp_data->prompt = inputs.prompt;
    kcpp_data->seed = inputs.seed;
    kcpp_data->n_predict = inputs.max_length;
    kcpp_data->top_k = inputs.top_k;
    kcpp_data->top_p = inputs.top_p;
    kcpp_data->min_p = inputs.min_p;
    kcpp_data->typical_p = inputs.typical_p;
    kcpp_data->tfs_z = inputs.tfs;
    kcpp_data->nsigma = inputs.nsigma;
    kcpp_data->temp = inputs.temperature;
    kcpp_data->repeat_last_n = inputs.rep_pen_range;
    kcpp_data->rep_pen_slope = inputs.rep_pen_slope;
    kcpp_data->repeat_penalty = inputs.rep_pen;
    kcpp_data->presence_penalty = inputs.presence_penalty;
    kcpp_data->mirostat = inputs.mirostat;
    kcpp_data->mirostat_eta = inputs.mirostat_eta;
    kcpp_data->mirostat_tau = inputs.mirostat_tau;
    kcpp_data->dry_multiplier = inputs.dry_multiplier;
    kcpp_data->dry_base = inputs.dry_base;
    kcpp_data->dry_allowed_length = inputs.dry_allowed_length;
    kcpp_data->dry_penalty_last_n = inputs.dry_penalty_last_n;
    kcpp_data->xtc_threshold = inputs.xtc_threshold;
    kcpp_data->xtc_probability = inputs.xtc_probability;
    kcpp_data->dynatemp_range = inputs.dynatemp_range;
    kcpp_data->dynatemp_exponent = inputs.dynatemp_exponent;
    kcpp_data->n_ctx = inputs.max_context_length;
    kcpp_data->smoothing_factor = inputs.smoothing_factor;
    kcpp_data->smoothing_curve = inputs.smoothing_curve;
    kcpp_data->adaptive_target = inputs.adaptive_target;
    kcpp_data->adaptive_decay = inputs.adaptive_decay;
    kcpp_data->reasoning_budget = inputs.reasoning_budget;

    adaptive_p_weighted_sum = 0;
    adaptive_p_total_weight = 0;
    if(kcpp_data->adaptive_target > 0.0f && kcpp_data->adaptive_decay<1.0f)
    {
        adaptive_p_weighted_sum = kcpp_data->adaptive_target / (1.0f - kcpp_data->adaptive_decay);
        adaptive_p_total_weight = 1.0f / (1.0f - kcpp_data->adaptive_decay);
    }

    // Parse dry sequence breakers / restart sequences
    kcpp_data->dry_sequence_breakers.clear();
    dry_sequence_breakers.clear();

    if (kcpp_data->dry_multiplier > 0)
    {
        for (int x = 0; x < inputs.dry_sequence_breakers_len; ++x)
        {
            std::string word = inputs.dry_sequence_breakers[x];
            if (word != "")
            {
                kcpp_data->dry_sequence_breakers.push_back(word);
            }
        }
        if (kcpp_data->dry_sequence_breakers.size() > 0)
        {
            // Restrict the maximum length of sequences used as sequence breakers. There are
            // very few use cases for a long sequence breaker, and limiting the max length
            // prevents a potential denial of service attack in which long repetitive sequence
            // breakers could result in slow DRY sampling with a suitably crafted context.
            const int MAX_CHAR_LEN = 40;
            const int MAX_SEQ_LEN = 20;

            if (debugmode == 1 && !is_quiet)
            {
                printf("\nProcessing %zu dry break strings...", kcpp_data->dry_sequence_breakers.size());
            }
            for (auto sequence_break : kcpp_data->dry_sequence_breakers)
            {
                if (sequence_break.size() > MAX_CHAR_LEN)
                {
                    sequence_break.resize(MAX_CHAR_LEN);
                }
                GetOverlappingTokenSequences(sequence_break, dry_sequence_breakers, MAX_SEQ_LEN);
            }
            if (debugmode == 1 && !is_quiet)
            {
                int trivial = 0, non_trivial = 0;
                for (const auto &seq : dry_sequence_breakers)
                {
                    if (seq.second.empty())
                    {
                        ++trivial;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        ++non_trivial;
                    }
                }
                printf("\nFound a total of %zu restart heads, %d trivial, %d non-trivial.\n", dry_sequence_breakers.size(), trivial, non_trivial);
            }
        }
    }

    ApplyPromptFormatAdjustments(addedmemory, kcpp_data->prompt);

    //thinking budget handling
    std::vector<int> thinking_start_sequence;
    std::vector<int> thinking_end_sequence;
    std::vector<int> thinking_end_phrase_toksleft;
    std::string chat_template = "";
    if (file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC) {
        chat_template = gpttype_get_chat_template();

        std::string start = "<think>";
        std::string end = "</think>";
        std::string  budget_exceeded = "\n(Reasoning budget exceeded)\nTime to respond now.\n</think>";
        size_t expected_start_tokens = 1;
        size_t expected_end_tokens = 1;

        switch (file_format_meta.model_architecture) {
            case llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_GEMMA4:
                start = "<|channel>thought";
                end = "<channel|>";
                budget_exceeded = "\n(Reasoning budget exceeded)\nTime to respond now.\n<channel|>";
                expected_start_tokens = 2;
                break;
            case llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_SEED_OSS:
                start = "<seed:think>";
                end = "</seed:think>";
                budget_exceeded = "\n(Reasoning budget exceeded)\n<seed:cot_budget_reflect>The current thinking budget is 0, so I will directly start answering the question.</seed:cot_budget_reflect>\nTime to respond now.\n</seed:think>";
                break;
            case llm_arch::LLM_ARCH_COHERE2MOE:
                start = "<|START_THINKING|>";
                end = "<|END_THINKING|>";
                 budget_exceeded = "\n(Reasoning budget exceeded)\nTime to respond now.\n<|END_THINKING|>";
                break;
            default:
                break;
        }

        TokenizeString(start, thinking_start_sequence, file_format, false);
        TokenizeString(end, thinking_end_sequence, file_format, false);
        TokenizeString(budget_exceeded, thinking_end_phrase_toksleft, file_format, false);
        if (thinking_start_sequence.size() != expected_start_tokens || thinking_end_sequence.size() != expected_end_tokens)
        {
            thinking_start_sequence.clear();
            thinking_end_sequence.clear();
            thinking_end_phrase_toksleft.clear();
        }
    }


    bool stream_sse = inputs.stream_sse;
    bool allow_regular_prints = (!is_quiet && debugmode!=-1);

    std::string grammarstr = inputs.grammar;
    bool grammar_retain_state = inputs.grammar_retain_state;
    if(grammar_retain_state)
    {
        if(grammarstr=="" || current_grammar!=grammarstr) //if grammar is identical, retain state
        {
            load_grammar(grammarstr);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        load_grammar(grammarstr);
    }
    current_grammar = grammarstr;


    if (kcpp_data->repeat_last_n < 1)
    {
        kcpp_data->repeat_last_n = 1;
    }
    if (kcpp_data->rep_pen_slope > 1 || kcpp_data->rep_pen_slope<=0)
    {
        kcpp_data->rep_pen_slope = 1;
    }
    if (kcpp_data->top_k < 1)
    {
        kcpp_data->top_k = n_vocab; // all tokens in the vocabulary should be considered if top k is disabled
    }
    if (kcpp_data->seed <= 0 || kcpp_data->seed==0xFFFFFFFF)
    {
        kcpp_data->seed = (((uint32_t)time(NULL)) % 1000000u);
        if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
        {
            printf("\nUsing Seed: %d",kcpp_data->seed);
        }
    }

    // tokenize the prompt
    std::vector<int> embd_inp;
    std::vector<int> embd_inp_mem; //for storing added memory
    std::vector<int> guidance_embd; //holds the guidance prompt
    bool media_embds_built = false;

    int32_t nctx = kcpp_data->n_ctx;

    if(media_composite_image_signature=="")
    {
        last_media_mem.clear();
    }
    if(media_data_changed)
    {
        PrepareMediaEmbds(nctx, media_intro, media_outro);
        media_embds_built = true;
    }

    TokenizeString(kcpp_data->prompt, embd_inp, file_format, add_bos_token);
    if(addedmemory!="")
    {
        TokenizeString(addedmemory, embd_inp_mem, file_format, add_bos_token);
    }

    //truncate to front of the prompt if its too long
    if (embd_inp.size() + kcpp_data->n_predict > nctx)
    {
        //get bos token
        std::vector<int> bos;
        TokenizeString("", bos, file_format, add_bos_token);
        int offset = embd_inp.size() - nctx + kcpp_data->n_predict;
        embd_inp = std::vector<int>(embd_inp.begin() + offset, embd_inp.end());
        //replace bos into front if exists
        if(bos.size()>0 && embd_inp.size()>0)
        {
            embd_inp[0] = bos[0];
        }
    }

    if(last_media_mem.size()>0) //stick the media placeholders before the added mem
    {
        if(last_media_mem.size() + kcpp_data->n_predict + 4 > nctx)
        {
            printf("\nWarning: Too many multimodal tokens, max context exceeded! They will be ignored!\n");
        }
        else
        {
            std::vector<int> bos;
            TokenizeString("", bos, file_format, add_bos_token);
            if(embd_inp_mem.size()>0) //remove existing bos if exists
            {
                if (bos.size()>0 && !embd_inp_mem.empty() && bos[0]==embd_inp_mem[0]) {
                    embd_inp_mem.erase(embd_inp_mem.begin());
                }
            }

            //append media dummy tokens
            embd_inp_mem.insert(embd_inp_mem.begin(), last_media_mem.begin(), last_media_mem.end());
            if (bos.size() > 0 && embd_inp_mem.size() > 0)
            {
                embd_inp_mem.insert(embd_inp_mem.begin(), bos[0]);  //insert bos at front
            }

             //shorten memory if needed
            if (embd_inp_mem.size() + kcpp_data->n_predict + 4 > nctx)
            {
                int limit = nctx - (kcpp_data->n_predict + 4);
                if (embd_inp_mem.size() > limit) {
                    embd_inp_mem.resize(limit);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    std::vector<int> negprompt_tokens;
    int guidance_n_past = 0;
    if(guidance_ctx)
    {
        llama_memory_clear(llama_get_memory(guidance_ctx),true);
        //prepare negative prompt
        if(negative_prompt!="" && inputs.guidance_scale!=1.0f)
        {
            TokenizeString(negative_prompt+"\n", negprompt_tokens, file_format, add_bos_token);
        }
    }

    AppendDedicatedMemoryAndNegativePrompt(embd_inp, embd_inp_mem, negprompt_tokens, kcpp_data->n_predict, nctx);

    //prepare negative prompt
    if(guidance_ctx && negprompt_tokens.size()>0 && inputs.guidance_scale!=1.0f)
    {
        guidance_embd = embd_inp; //clone main prompt
        std::vector<int> bos;
        TokenizeString("", bos, file_format, add_bos_token);
        if (bos.size()>0 && !guidance_embd.empty() && bos[0]==guidance_embd[0]) {
            guidance_embd.erase(guidance_embd.begin());
        }

        // Insert at the beginning of everything. size is already handled
        guidance_embd.insert(guidance_embd.begin(), negprompt_tokens.begin(), negprompt_tokens.end());

        //eval the guidance prompt
        printf("\nPreparing Negative Prompt (%zu tokens)", guidance_embd.size());
        kcpp_embd_batch batch = kcpp_embd_batch(guidance_embd, 0, use_mrope, false);
        auto er = llama_decode(guidance_ctx, batch.batch);
        if(er!=0)
        {
            printf("\nProcess Negative Prompt Failed! (code:%d)\n",er);
        }
        guidance_n_past += guidance_embd.size();
    }

    //determine how much npast we have to rewind from the current state
    std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> embd;

    int last_n_size = kcpp_data->repeat_last_n;
    last_n_tokens.resize(last_n_size);

    std::fill(last_n_tokens.begin(), last_n_tokens.end(), 0);
    n_past = 0;

    if (debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
    {
        std::string outstr = "";
        printf("\n\n[Debug: Dump %zu Raw Input Tokens]\n",embd_inp.size());
        outstr += get_tok_vec_str(embd_inp);
        printf("%s\n", RemoveBell(outstr).c_str());
    }

    bool is_recurrent = false;
    if(file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        const llama_model * mdl = llama_get_model(llama_ctx_v4);
        if(llama_model_is_recurrent(mdl) || llama_model_is_hybrid(mdl))
        {
            is_recurrent = true;
        }
    }
    bool blank_prompt = (addedmemory=="" && kcpp_data->prompt=="");

    //smart cache logic
    if(kcpp_data->smartcache && file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        bool shiftable = true;
        if(!kcpp_data->use_contextshift || is_recurrent)
        {
            shiftable = false;
        }

        //we handle recurrent models differently since they require a full subset match
        if(is_recurrent)
        {
            bool curr_usable = FullyContainedPrefix(current_context_tokens,embd_inp);
            if(!curr_usable)
            {
                //see if we have any other usable contexts out there
                int bestslot = -1;
                int bestlen = 0;
                int identical_slot = get_identical_existing_slot(); //see if the slot already exists
                // printf("\n\nEMBD_INPUT: %d\n",embd_inp.size());
                // for(int x=0;x<embd_inp.size();++x)
                // {
                //     printf("%d, ",embd_inp[x]);
                // }
                for(int i=0;i<savestate_limit;++i)
                {
                    bool target_usable = FullyContainedPrefix(savestates[i].savestate_context_tokens,embd_inp);
                    // printf("\nSlot %d has %d. Usable: %d = ",i,savestates[i].savestate_context_tokens.size(),target_usable);
                    // for(int x=0;x<savestates[i].savestate_context_tokens.size();++x)
                    // {
                    //     printf("%d, ",savestates[i].savestate_context_tokens[x]);
                    // }
                    if(savestates[i].media_signature!=media_composite_image_signature)
                    {
                        target_usable = false;
                    }
                    int target_len = savestates[i].savestate_context_tokens.size();
                    if(target_usable && target_len>bestlen)
                    {
                        bestlen = target_len;
                        bestslot = i;
                    }
                }
                if(bestslot!=-1) //found a good slot to load
                {
                    int oldest_slot = get_oldest_slot(bestslot);
                    if(oldest_slot!=bestslot)
                    {
                        if(current_context_tokens.size() > 32) //do not save tiny contexts
                        {
                            if(identical_slot==-1)
                            {
                                printf("\n[SmartCache RNN Match of %d tokens in slot %d. Saving into slot %d and switching...]\n",bestlen,bestslot,oldest_slot);
                                gpttype_save_state_kv(oldest_slot);
                            } else {
                                printf("\n[SmartCache RNN Match of %d tokens in slot %d. Already saved in slot %d, switching...]\n",bestlen,bestslot,identical_slot);
                                touch_slot(identical_slot);
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            printf("\n[SmartCache RNN Match of %d tokens in slot %d. Switching...]\n",bestlen,bestslot);
                        }
                        gpttype_load_state_kv(bestslot);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    if(current_context_tokens.size() > 32) //do not save tiny contexts
                    {
                        if(identical_slot==-1)
                        {
                            int oldest_slot = get_oldest_slot(-1);
                            printf("\n[SmartCache RNN No Match, Saving into slot %d...]\n",oldest_slot);
                            gpttype_save_state_kv(oldest_slot);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            printf("\n[SmartCache RNN No Match, Already saved in slot %d]\n",identical_slot);
                            touch_slot(identical_slot);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else if(!(shiftable && CanContextShift(current_context_tokens, embd_inp, inputs.max_length, nctx)))   //If CanBeShifted is true, do nothing. Allow shift as normal.
        {
            // If CanBeShifted is false, calculate prefix similarity with current_context_tokens of current context
            // If similarity > similarity_threshold, do nothing. Allow fast forward as normal.
            float similarity = ComputePrefixMatchPercent(current_context_tokens,embd_inp);
            const float similarity_threshold = 0.7f;
            if(similarity < similarity_threshold)
            {
                // Otherwise, for each of the currently used kv state slots, calculate ComputePrefixMatch and CanBeShifted
                // If similarity to any of them > similarity_threshold or CanBeShifted, save current slot and switch to that slot.
                // Whenever loading or saving current slot, simply tag the slot with a timestamp. When running out of slots after all 3 are used, delete the oldest timestamped slot.
                // Slot loading and saving completely reuses gpttype_load_state_kv and gpttype_save_state_kv, nothing else is needed.
                bool foundswap = false;
                int identical_slot = get_identical_existing_slot(); //see if a slot already exists with identical data to current
                for(int i=0;i<savestate_limit;++i)
                {
                    float similaritybeat = ComputePrefixMatchPercent(savestates[i].savestate_context_tokens,embd_inp);
                    if(savestates[i].media_signature!=media_composite_image_signature)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }
                    if(similaritybeat > similarity_threshold || (shiftable && CanContextShift(savestates[i].savestate_context_tokens, embd_inp, inputs.max_length, nctx)))
                    {
                        //found a match. save to the oldest slot thats not the one we are loading
                        int oldest_slot = get_oldest_slot(i);
                        if(oldest_slot!=i)
                        {
                            if(current_context_tokens.size() > 32) //do not save tiny contexts
                            {
                                if(identical_slot==-1)
                                {
                                    printf("\n[SmartCache Match of %.2f in slot %d. Saving into slot %d and switching...]\n",similaritybeat,i,oldest_slot);
                                    gpttype_save_state_kv(oldest_slot);
                                } else {
                                    printf("\n[SmartCache Match of %.2f in slot %d. Already saved in slot %d, switching...]\n",similaritybeat,i,identical_slot);
                                    touch_slot(identical_slot);
                                }
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                printf("\n[SmartCache Match of %.2f in slot %d. Switching...]\n",similaritybeat,i);
                            }
                            gpttype_load_state_kv(i);
                            foundswap = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
                if(!foundswap) //could not match anything, just save kv and continue
                {
                    if(current_context_tokens.size() > 32) //do not save tiny contexts
                    {
                        if(identical_slot==-1)
                        {
                            int oldest_slot = get_oldest_slot(-1);
                            printf("\n[SmartCache No Match, Saving into slot %d...]\n",oldest_slot);
                            gpttype_save_state_kv(oldest_slot);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            printf("\n[SmartCache No Match, Already saved in slot %d]\n",identical_slot);
                            touch_slot(identical_slot);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1 || file_format==FileFormat::RWKV_2 || is_recurrent)
    {
        if(!blank_prompt)
        {
            if(kcpp_data->use_fastforward)
            {
                ContextFastForward(current_context_tokens, embd_inp, n_past, last_n_tokens, nctx, smartcontext, false, true, 0, 0);
            }
        }
        if(is_recurrent)
        {
            if(n_past==0)
            {
                llama_memory_clear(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4),true);
                if(draft_ctx)
                {
                    llama_memory_clear(llama_get_memory(draft_ctx),true);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if(current_context_tokens.size()>0 && last_n_tokens.size()>0)
                {
                    int maxedpos = llama_memory_seq_pos_max(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4),0);
                    if(maxedpos+2==n_past)
                    {
                        //kcpp: a very dirty hack for rnn models. this happens because the very last token of the last turn
                        //does not actually get processed but is still added to current_context_tokens. if the instruct start tag starts with that same token
                        //it might get wrongly fast forwarded and we will get an off by 1 error.
                        //todo: figure out a better way to solve this rubbish
                        int tail = last_n_tokens[last_n_tokens.size()-1];
                        last_n_tokens.pop_back();
                        current_context_tokens.pop_back();
                        n_past -=1;
                        embd_inp.insert(embd_inp.begin(), 1, tail);
                    }
                    else if(maxedpos==n_past)
                    {
                        n_past += 1;
                    }
                    //it is generally preferable to not have the embd_inp array empty unless doing so would cause an error
                    // if(embd_inp.size()==0 && current_context_tokens.size()>0)
                    // {
                    //     embd_inp.push_back(current_context_tokens[current_context_tokens.size()-1]);
                    //     current_context_tokens.pop_back();
                    //     n_past -= 1;
                    // }
                }
            }

        }
    }
    else
    {
        bool triggersc = kcpp_data->use_smartcontext;
        bool triggerff = kcpp_data->use_fastforward;
        if(!blank_prompt) //special case for blank prompts, no fast forward or shifts
        {
            int ff_swa_retain_amount = 0; //a hack for SWA to improve coherency for illegal rewinds
            if(triggerff && !kcpp_data->swa_full && (file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC))
            {
                const int swa_pos_min = llama_memory_seq_pos_min(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4), 0); //this is the furthest back we can rewind to.
                int goal_npast = ComputeSharedPrefixLength(current_context_tokens,embd_inp); //this is where we want to rewind to.
                goal_npast -= 4;
                goal_npast = goal_npast < 0 ? 0 : goal_npast;
                if (swa_pos_min < 0 || goal_npast <= swa_pos_min) {
                    ff_swa_retain_amount = kcpp_active_swa_size;
                    if (debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
                    {
                         printf("\nNote: SWA context cannot be reused (Desired n_past=%d, SWA lowest n_past=%d), to avoid this, disable SWA or increase SWA padding), output may degrade.\n", goal_npast, swa_pos_min);
                    }
                }
            }
            if(triggerff && kcpp_data->use_contextshift && (file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC) && !media_data_changed)
            {
                DoContextShifting(llama_ctx_v4, draft_ctx, current_context_tokens, embd_inp, inputs.max_length, nctx, false);
                triggersc = false;
            }
            if(triggerff)
            {
                ContextFastForward(current_context_tokens, embd_inp, n_past, last_n_tokens, nctx, smartcontext, triggersc, false, 4, ff_swa_retain_amount);
            }
        }
        if(file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
        {
            if(n_past==0) //force full clear
            {
                llama_memory_clear(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4),true);
            }
            else
            {
                llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4), 0, n_past, -1);
            }
            if(draft_ctx)
            {
                llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(draft_ctx), 0, n_past, -1);
            }
        }
    }

    bool blasmode = (embd_inp.size() >= 32 && kcpp_cpu_has_blas() && kcpp_data->n_batch>=32);

    if(current_context_tokens.size()>n_past)
    {
        current_context_tokens.resize(n_past);
    }

    remaining_tokens = kcpp_data->n_predict;
    int input_consumed = 0;
    std::mt19937 rng(kcpp_data->seed);

    //do some reservation so we don't have to realloc
    generated_tokens.reserve(remaining_tokens+16);

    //prepare sampler order
    std::vector<samplers> sampler_order;
    if(inputs.sampler_len<=0) //list by value
    {
        sampler_order = {
            KCPP_SAMPLER_REP_PEN,
            KCPP_SAMPLER_TOP_K,
            KCPP_SAMPLER_TOP_A,
            KCPP_SAMPLER_TFS,
            KCPP_SAMPLER_TYP,
            KCPP_SAMPLER_TOP_P,
            KCPP_SAMPLER_TEMP
        };
    }
    else
    {
        for(int i=0;i<inputs.sampler_len;++i)
        {
            sampler_order.push_back(inputs.sampler_order[i]);
        }
    }

    bool startedsampling = false;
    bool firstdecodedone = false; //we CANNOT use logits if the first decode has not been executed yet.
    bool v3_use_scratch = true; //for normal inference always use scratch
    bool rnn_lifeboat_taken = false;
    const int rnn_lifeboat_target = (int)((embd_inp.size() * smartcache_rnn_lifeboat_percent) / 100);
    const bool rnn_lifeboat_enabled = kcpp_data->smartcache && is_recurrent && file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && (int)embd_inp.size() >= smartcache_rnn_lifeboat_min_prompt_tokens;

    speculative_draft_result draft_results; //only use if drafting was used
    bool draft_used = false;
    int draft_successes = 0;
    int draft_failures = 0;
    int real_n_processed = 0;

    init_time = timer_check();
    timer_start();

    if(file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1 || file_format==FileFormat::RWKV_2)
    {
        if(n_past==0)
        {
            if(file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1)
            {
                rwkv_ctx_v2->state_in = nullptr;
            }
            else
            {
                rwkv_ctx_v3->state_in = nullptr;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if (file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1)
            {
                rwkv_ctx_v2->state_in = rwkv_ctx_v2->state_out;
            }
            else
            {
                rwkv_ctx_v3->state_in = rwkv_ctx_v3->state_out;
            }

            //if it's empty, push in the final previous token
            if(embd_inp.size()==0 && current_context_tokens.size()>0)
            {
                embd_inp.push_back(current_context_tokens[current_context_tokens.size()-1]);
                current_context_tokens.pop_back();
            }
        }
    }

    if(n_vocab<=0)
    {
        printf("\nWarning! n_vocab is invalid, maybe bad format!");
    }

    if(allow_regular_prints)
    {
        printf("\n");
    }

    if (debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
    {
        std::string outstr = "";
        // printf("\n[Debug: Dump Forwarded Input Tokens]\n");
        // outstr += get_tok_vec_str(embd_inp);
        // outstr += "\n";
        outstr += "[Debug: embd_inp="+std::to_string(embd_inp.size())+" n_past="+std::to_string(n_past)+" Context Size = " + std::to_string(current_context_tokens.size()) + "]";
        // outstr += "\n";
        // outstr += get_tok_vec_str(current_context_tokens);
        printf("%s\n\n", RemoveBell(outstr).c_str());
    }

    while (remaining_tokens > 0 && !early_abort)
    {
        gpt_vocab::id id = 0;
        // predict
        unsigned int embdsize = embd.size();
        //print progress
        if (!startedsampling)
        {
            real_n_processed = embd_inp.size();
            if(allow_regular_prints)
            {
                printf("\rProcessing Prompt%s (%d / %zu tokens)", (blasmode ? " [BATCH]" : ""), input_consumed, embd_inp.size());
            }
        }
        fflush(stdout);

        if (embdsize > 0)
        {
            bool evalres = false;
            if (file_format == FileFormat::GGML || file_format == FileFormat::GGHF || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_2)
            {
                evalres = (llama_v2_eval(llama_ctx_v2, embd.data(), embdsize, n_past, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode))==0);
            }
            else if(file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_3)
            {
                evalres = (llama_v3_eval(llama_ctx_v3, embd.data(), embdsize, n_past, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode))==0);
            }
            else if(file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
            {
                if(guidance_ctx && negprompt_tokens.size()>0 && inputs.guidance_scale!=1.0f && embd.size()==1 && startedsampling)
                {
                    //eval for negative prompt
                    kcpp_embd_batch gbatch = kcpp_embd_batch(embd, guidance_n_past, use_mrope, false);
                    auto er = llama_decode(guidance_ctx, gbatch.batch);
                    if(er!=0)
                    {
                        printf("\nGenerate with Negative Prompt Failed! (code:%d)\n",er);
                    }
                    guidance_n_past += 1;
                }
                if(embd.size()!=1 || draft_ctx==nullptr || draft_spec==nullptr || remaining_tokens<=1 || grammar!=nullptr || startedsampling==false) //for large batch, or if no draft model, PP/TG as usual
                {
                    draft_used = false;
                    kcpp_embd_batch batch = kcpp_embd_batch(embd, n_past, use_mrope, draft_is_mtp);
                    int32_t decode_status = -1;
                    bool skipdecodelater = false;

                    //if running rnn model in smartcache mode, save progress a little bit before the final PP is done
                    //this helps solve token boundary mutation issues
                    if(draft_ctx==nullptr && embd.size()>1 && !startedsampling && input_consumed==embd_inp.size() && input_consumed>64)
                    {
                        if(kcpp_data->smartcache && is_recurrent && file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && current_context_tokens.size() > 32)
                        {
                            if(embd.size()<=48)
                            {
                                //directly snapshot for a small batch
                                smartcache_quick_snapshot();
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                skipdecodelater = true;
                                //decode until nearly done, then snapshot and decode the last 32
                                std::vector<std::vector<gpt_vocab::id>> parts = split_big_vector_in_two(embd,32);
                                int temp_past = n_past;
                                evalres = true;
                                for(int p=0;p<parts.size();++p)
                                {
                                    if(p==parts.size()-1)
                                    {
                                        smartcache_quick_snapshot();
                                    }
                                    std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> chunk = parts[p];
                                    kcpp_embd_batch smallbatch = kcpp_embd_batch(chunk, temp_past, use_mrope, draft_is_mtp);
                                    decode_status = kcpp_decode_main_and_spec(llama_ctx_v4, smallbatch.batch);
                                    if(p==0 && decode_status==1)
                                    {
                                        skipdecodelater = false;
                                        break; //big pp failed
                                    }
                                    evalres = (evalres && (decode_status==0));
                                    temp_past += chunk.size();
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    if(!skipdecodelater)
                    {
                        decode_status = kcpp_decode_main_and_spec(llama_ctx_v4, batch.batch);
                        if(decode_status==1 && embd.size()>128)
                        {
                            printf("Couldn't find a big KV slot. Retry with smaller batch size of 128...\n");
                            std::vector<std::vector<gpt_vocab::id>> parts = split_big_vector(embd,128);
                            int temp_past = n_past;
                            evalres = true;
                            for(int p=0;p<parts.size();++p)
                            {
                                std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> chunk = parts[p];
                                kcpp_embd_batch smallbatch = kcpp_embd_batch(chunk, temp_past, use_mrope, draft_is_mtp);
                                int32_t decode_status2 = kcpp_decode_main_and_spec(llama_ctx_v4, smallbatch.batch);
                                if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
                                {
                                    printf("Retry chunk: %zu at %d... status: %s\n",chunk.size(),temp_past,(decode_status2==0?"ok":"fail"));
                                }
                                evalres = (evalres && (decode_status2==0));
                                temp_past += chunk.size();
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            evalres = (decode_status==0);
                        }
                    }

                } else { //individual tokens AND speculative is used (generation)
                    draft_used = true;
                    draft_results = speculative_decoding_eval_chunk(llama_ctx_v4, embd, n_past);
                    evalres = draft_results.draft_success;
                    if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
                    {
                        std::string draftedtoks = get_tok_vec_str(draft_results.draftids);
                        printf("\nDrafted %d Tokens: [%s]\n",draft_results.drafted_amount,draftedtoks.c_str());
                    }
                }
            }
            else if(file_format==FileFormat::RWKV_1 || file_format==FileFormat::RWKV_2)
            {
                if (file_format == FileFormat::RWKV_1)
                {
                    evalres = rwkv_v2_eval(rwkv_ctx_v2, embd[0], rwkv_ctx_v2->state_in, rwkv_ctx_v2->state_out, rwkv_ctx_v2->logits_out);
                    memcpy(logits.data(), rwkv_ctx_v2->logits_out, sizeof(float) * rwkv_vocab.size());
                    rwkv_ctx_v2->state_in = rwkv_ctx_v2->state_out;
                }
                else
                {
                    if(embd.size()>1)
                    {
                        evalres = rwkv_eval_sequence(rwkv_ctx_v3, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode), (uint32_t*)embd.data(), embd.size(), rwkv_ctx_v3->state_in, rwkv_ctx_v3->state_out, rwkv_ctx_v3->logits_out);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        bool ignoreLogits = (!startedsampling && ((int)embd_inp.size() > input_consumed + 2));
                        evalres = rwkv_eval(rwkv_ctx_v3, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode), embd[0], rwkv_ctx_v3->state_in, rwkv_ctx_v3->state_out, ignoreLogits?nullptr:rwkv_ctx_v3->logits_out);
                    }

                    memcpy(logits.data(), rwkv_ctx_v3->logits_out, sizeof(float) * rwkv_vocab.size());
                    rwkv_ctx_v3->state_in = rwkv_ctx_v3->state_out;
                }
            }
            else if(file_format==FileFormat::GPT2_1)
            {
                evalres = legacy_gpt2_eval(gpt2_ctx_v1, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode), n_past, embd, logits, mem_per_token, file_format);
            }
            else if(file_format==FileFormat::GPT2_2 || file_format==FileFormat::GPT2_3)
            {
                evalres = gpt2_v2_eval(gpt2_ctx_v2, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode), n_past, embd, logits, mem_per_token, file_format);
            }
            else if(file_format==FileFormat::GPT2_4)
            {
                evalres = gpt2_eval(gpt2_ctx_v3, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode), n_past, embd, logits, mem_per_token, v3_use_scratch);
            }
            else if(file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_1 || file_format == FileFormat::NEOX_2 || file_format == FileFormat::NEOX_3 || file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_4 || file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_5)
            {
                evalres = gpt_neox_v2_eval(neox_ctx_v2, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode), n_past, embd, logits, mem_per_token);
            }
            else if(file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_6|| file_format==FileFormat::NEOX_7)
            {
                evalres = gpt_neox_eval(neox_ctx_v3, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode), n_past, embd, logits, mem_per_token, v3_use_scratch);
            }
            else if(file_format==FileFormat::GPTJ_1 || file_format==FileFormat::GPTJ_2)
            {
                evalres = legacy_gptj_eval(gptj_ctx_v1, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode), n_past, embd, logits, mem_per_token, file_format);
            }
            else if(file_format==FileFormat::GPTJ_3 || file_format==FileFormat::GPTJ_4)
            {
                evalres = gptj_v2_eval(gptj_ctx_v2, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode), n_past, embd, logits, mem_per_token);
            }
            else if(file_format==FileFormat::GPTJ_5)
            {
                evalres = gptj_eval(gptj_ctx_v3, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode), n_past, embd, logits, mem_per_token, v3_use_scratch);
            }
            else if(file_format==FileFormat::MPT_1)
            {
                evalres = mpt_eval(mpt_ctx_v3, GetThreadsToUse(blasmode), n_past, embd, logits, false, mem_per_token, v3_use_scratch);
            }
            else
            {
                printf("\nCannot find eval function\n");
            }

            if (!evalres)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "\nFailed to predict at token position %d! Check your context buffer sizes!\n",n_past);
                media_composite_image_signature = ""; //force invalidate
                output.text = nullptr;
                output.status = 0;
                output.prompt_tokens = output.completion_tokens = 0;
                last_stop_reason = stop_reason::ERROR_ENCOUNTERED;
                output.stopreason = last_stop_reason;
                generation_finished = true;
                return output;
            }
            firstdecodedone = true;
        }

        n_past += embd.size();
        if(rnn_lifeboat_enabled && !rnn_lifeboat_taken && !startedsampling && n_past >= rnn_lifeboat_target && input_consumed < (int)embd_inp.size())
        {
            int lifeboat_slot = rnn_lifeboat_hard_reserved ? smartcache_quick_snapshot(rnn_lifeboat_slot_idx) : smartcache_quick_snapshot();
            printf("\n[SmartCache RNN Lifeboat: Saved %zu-token checkpoint into slot %d%s]\n",current_context_tokens.size(),lifeboat_slot,(rnn_lifeboat_hard_reserved ? "" : " (soft)"));
            rnn_lifeboat_taken = true;
        }
        embd.clear();

        if (!early_abort && (int)embd_inp.size() <= input_consumed) //if decoding was aborted, DO NOT perform any sampling
        {
            // out of user input, sample next token
            const float top_k = kcpp_data->top_k;
            const float top_p = kcpp_data->top_p;
            const float min_p = kcpp_data->min_p;
            const float temp = kcpp_data->temp;
            const float top_a = inputs.top_a;
            const float repeat_penalty = kcpp_data->repeat_penalty;
            const float presence_penalty = kcpp_data->presence_penalty;
            const float typical_p = kcpp_data->typical_p;
            const float tfs_z = kcpp_data->tfs_z;
            const float nsigma = kcpp_data->nsigma;
            const float dynatemp_range = kcpp_data->dynatemp_range;
            const float dynatemp_exponent = kcpp_data->dynatemp_exponent;
            const float smoothing_factor = kcpp_data->smoothing_factor;
            const float smoothing_curve = kcpp_data->smoothing_curve;
            const float adaptive_target = kcpp_data->adaptive_target;
            const float adaptive_decay = kcpp_data->adaptive_decay;

            if (!startedsampling)
            {
                startedsampling = true;
                if(draft_spec)
                {
                    llama_tokens prompt_tokens;
                    if(draft_is_mtp)
                    {
                        prompt_tokens.assign(current_context_tokens.begin(), current_context_tokens.end());
                    }
                    common_speculative_begin(draft_spec, 0, prompt_tokens);
                }
                process_time = timer_check();
                timer_start();
                if(allow_regular_prints)
                {
                    printf("\n");
                }

                 //if running rnn model in smartcache mode, save progress before each gen
                if(kcpp_data->smartcache && is_recurrent && file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && current_context_tokens.size() > 32)
                {
                    if(rnn_reusable_slot_idx!=-1)
                    {
                        smartcache_quick_snapshot(rnn_reusable_slot_idx);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        smartcache_quick_snapshot();
                    }
                }
            }

            const std::vector<llama_token> eog_tokens = GetEogIDs(file_format,n_vocab);
            float * logitsPtr;
            float lowestLogit = 0;
            int btsize = banned_token_ids.size();
            int tcpreventsize = toolcall_prevented_ids.size();

            //sample pending logits. usually only 1, unless speculative decoding
            int logits_to_sample = 1;
            int logits_sampled = 0;
            bool abort_draft = false;
            int draft_accepted_this_round = 0;
            if(draft_used)
            {
                logits_to_sample = draft_results.drafted_amount;
            }
            while(logits_sampled<logits_to_sample && remaining_tokens>0 && !abort_draft && !early_abort)
            {
                if(logits_sampled>0)
                {
                    //this is not the first loop, so we need to increment some things
                    n_past += 1;
                }
                if(file_format == FileFormat::GGML || file_format == FileFormat::GGHF || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_2 || file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_3 || file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
                {
                    if(file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
                    {
                        if(draft_used)
                        {
                            logitsPtr = draft_results.actual_logits[logits_sampled];
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            logitsPtr = draft_is_mtp ? llama_get_logits_ith(llama_ctx_v4, -1) : llama_get_logits(llama_ctx_v4);
                        }
                    }
                    else if(file_format == FileFormat::GGJT_3)
                    {
                        logitsPtr = llama_v3_get_logits(llama_ctx_v3);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        logitsPtr = llama_v2_get_logits(llama_ctx_v2);
                    }
                    lowestLogit = LowestLogit(logitsPtr,n_vocab);
                }
                else
                {
                    logitsPtr = logits.data(); //legacy rwkv, neox, gptj etc
                    lowestLogit = LowestLogit(logits);
                }

                if(!firstdecodedone && current_context_tokens.size()>0)
                {
                    if(loaded_latest_logits.size()>0)
                    {
                        if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
                        {
                            printf("\nLoading %d saved logits...\n",loaded_latest_logits.size());
                        }
                        //first decode was not done. this can happen when reloading from a perfectly matched state.
                        //to prevent a catastrophic failure, we must prepare emergency logits for usage
                        logitsPtr = loaded_latest_logits.data();
                        lowestLogit = LowestLogit(logitsPtr,n_vocab);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        printf("\nNo cached logits and we need them, emergency fallback with degraded quality...\n");
                        embd.clear();
                        embd.push_back(current_context_tokens[current_context_tokens.size()-1]);
                        break;
                    }
                }

                //if adaptive p sampling is used, we need to cache the original probabilities
                std::vector<llama_token_data> original_candidates;
                if(adaptive_target > 0.0f)
                {
                    original_candidates.reserve(n_vocab);
                    for (llama_token token_id = 0; token_id < n_vocab; token_id++) {
                        original_candidates.emplace_back(llama_token_data{token_id, logitsPtr[token_id], 0.0f});
                    }
                    llama_token_data_array original_candidates_p = { original_candidates.data(), original_candidates.size(), false };
                    sample_softmax(&original_candidates_p,false);
                }

                if(file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && guidance_ctx && negprompt_tokens.size()>0 && inputs.guidance_scale!=1.0f)
                {
                    sample_guidance(llama_ctx_v4, guidance_ctx, n_vocab, inputs.guidance_scale);
                }

                //handle token bans
                if (!inputs.allow_eos_token && !inputs.bypass_eos_token)
                {
                    // set the logit of the eos token to very low to avoid sampling it
                    for(int i=0;i<eog_tokens.size();++i)
                    {
                         logitsPtr[eog_tokens[i]] = lowestLogit;
                    }
                }
                if(btsize>0)
                {
                    for(int t=0;t<btsize;++t)
                    {
                        logitsPtr[banned_token_ids[t]]=lowestLogit;
                    }
                }
                bool tcpreventtoks = ((kcpp_data->n_predict - remaining_tokens)<3);
                if(tcpreventsize>0 && tcpreventtoks && std::count(concat_output.begin(), concat_output.end(), '[')<=1)
                {
                    for(int t=0;t<tcpreventsize;++t)
                    {
                        logitsPtr[toolcall_prevented_ids[t]]=lowestLogit;
                    }
                }

                //handle temp bans from antislop
                if (antislop_banned_token_ids.find(n_past) != antislop_banned_token_ids.end()) {
                    std::vector<int>& bans = antislop_banned_token_ids[n_past];
                    for(int t=0;t<bans.size();++t)
                    {
                        logitsPtr[bans[t]]=lowestLogit;
                    }
                }

                id = SampleLogits(logitsPtr, nctx, n_vocab, last_n_size, repeat_penalty, kcpp_data->rep_pen_slope, presence_penalty,
                top_k, top_a, top_p, min_p, typical_p, tfs_z, nsigma, temp, rng,
                kcpp_data->mirostat, kcpp_data->mirostat_tau, kcpp_data->mirostat_eta,
                kcpp_data->dry_multiplier, kcpp_data->dry_base,
                kcpp_data->dry_allowed_length, kcpp_data->dry_penalty_last_n, kcpp_data->xtc_threshold, kcpp_data->xtc_probability,
                sampler_order, grammar, dynatemp_range, dynatemp_exponent, smoothing_factor, smoothing_curve, adaptive_target,
                thinking_start_sequence, thinking_end_sequence, thinking_end_phrase_toksleft, kcpp_data->reasoning_budget);

                if (adaptive_target > 0.0f) {
                    float original_prob = original_candidates[id].p;
                    adaptive_p_update_history(original_prob, adaptive_p_weighted_sum, adaptive_p_total_weight, adaptive_decay);
                }

                if(draft_used)
                {
                    int32_t draftedid = draft_results.draftids[logits_sampled];
                    if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
                    {
                        std::string drafttok = FileFormatTokenizeID(draftedid, file_format, true);
                        std::string realtok = FileFormatTokenizeID(id, file_format, true);
                        printf("(Draft %d/%d): Predicted=%d (%s), Actual=%d (%s) [%s]\n",(logits_sampled+1),logits_to_sample,draftedid,drafttok.c_str(),id,realtok.c_str(),(draftedid==id?"PASS":"FAIL"));
                    }
                    if(draftedid!=id) //draft mismatch, abort
                    {
                        draft_failures += 1;
                        abort_draft = true;
                    } else {
                        draft_successes += 1;
                        draft_accepted_this_round += 1;
                    }
                }

                if (grammar != nullptr) {
                    grammar_accept_token(file_format, n_vocab, grammar, id);
                }

                if (!last_n_tokens.empty())
                {
                    last_n_tokens.erase(last_n_tokens.begin());
                }
                last_n_tokens.push_back(id);
                current_context_tokens.push_back(id);

                // add it to the context
                embd.clear();
                embd.push_back(id);

                // decrement remaining sampling budget
                --remaining_tokens;

                for (auto eid : embd)
                {
                    std::string tokenizedstr = FileFormatTokenizeID(eid, file_format, inputs.render_special);
                    bool found_eog = std::find(eog_tokens.begin(), eog_tokens.end(), eid) != eog_tokens.end();
                    if(!inputs.render_special && (found_eog || VecContainsIntVal(special_stop_sequence,id))) //extra filter to avoid unwanted special tokens
                    {
                        tokenizedstr = ""; //prevent render
                    }

                    delayed_generated_tokens.push_back(tokenizedstr);
                    while(delayed_generated_tokens.size() > delayed_generated_tokens_limit && delayed_generated_tokens.size() > 0)
                    {
                        generated_tokens.push_back(delayed_generated_tokens[0]);
                        concat_output_mtx.lock();
                        concat_output += delayed_generated_tokens[0];
                        concat_output_mtx.unlock();
                        delayed_generated_tokens.pop_front();
                    }
                }

                if (startedsampling && allow_regular_prints)
                {
                    printf("\rGenerating (%d / %d tokens)", (kcpp_data->n_predict - remaining_tokens), kcpp_data->n_predict);
                }
                if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet && top_picks_history.size()>0)
                {
                    printf(" [");
                    bool firstloop = true;
                    TopPicksData toppick = top_picks_history[top_picks_history.size()-1];
                    std::string topstr = toppick.selected_token;
                    ::utreplace(topstr, "\n", "\\n");
                    printf("(%s <%d> %.2f%%)", RemoveBell(topstr).c_str(), toppick.selected_tokenid, toppick.selected_probability*100);
                    int maxtoshow = (toppick.tokenid.size()>4?4:toppick.tokenid.size()); //hardcode limit even if we have more logprobs_max
                    for (int i=0;i<maxtoshow;++i)
                    {
                        if(toppick.tokenid[i]==toppick.selected_tokenid)
                        {
                            continue;
                        }
                        printf(" ");
                        std::string tokenizedstr = toppick.tokens[i];
                        ::utreplace(tokenizedstr, "\n", "\\n");
                        printf("(%s %.2f%%)", RemoveBell(tokenizedstr).c_str(), toppick.p[i]*100);
                    }
                    printf("]\n");
                }

                //anti slop detection
                if (banned_phrases.size() > 0)
                {
                    std::string scanstr = "";
                    for (int i = 0; i < delayed_generated_tokens.size(); ++i)
                    {
                        scanstr += delayed_generated_tokens[i];
                    }
                    scanstr = toLowerCase(scanstr);
                    for (const auto &matched : banned_phrases)
                    {
                        std::string matched_lower = toLowerCase(matched);
                        if (scanstr.find(matched_lower) != std::string::npos)
                        {
                            //find the position in the string that contains all necessary tokens
                            std::string checkstr = "";
                            int rewind_amt = 0;
                            for (int i = delayed_generated_tokens.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i)
                            {
                                checkstr = delayed_generated_tokens[i] + checkstr;
                                ++rewind_amt;
                                if (toLowerCase(checkstr).find(matched_lower) != std::string::npos)
                                {
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                            if (rewind_amt > 0 && (current_context_tokens.size() - rewind_amt) > 0)
                            {
                                int last_tok = current_context_tokens[current_context_tokens.size() - rewind_amt];

                                bool rwok = ContextRewind(embd, current_context_tokens, n_past, last_n_tokens, rewind_amt);

                                //immediately terminate drafting if used
                                abort_draft = true;

                                if(rwok)
                                {
                                    delayed_generated_tokens.resize(delayed_generated_tokens.size() - rewind_amt);

                                    // Check if the key exists
                                    int banindex = n_past+1;
                                    if (antislop_banned_token_ids.find(banindex) == antislop_banned_token_ids.end()) {
                                        antislop_banned_token_ids[banindex] = std::vector<int>();
                                    }
                                    std::vector<int>& current_ids = antislop_banned_token_ids[banindex];
                                    current_ids.push_back(last_tok);

                                    if (allow_regular_prints && debugmode == 1)
                                    {
                                        auto match_clean = matched;
                                        replace_all(match_clean, "\n", "\\n");
                                        printf("\n(Banned Phrase Detected: %s - Add ID %d to banlist at index %d, and rewinding %d tokens)\n", match_clean.c_str(), last_tok, banindex, rewind_amt);
                                    }

                                }
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                if(!early_abort)
                {
                    bool found_eog = std::find(eog_tokens.begin(), eog_tokens.end(), id) != eog_tokens.end();
                    if(!inputs.bypass_eos_token && inputs.allow_eos_token && found_eog)
                    {
                        if(allow_regular_prints)
                        {
                            printf("\n(EOS token triggered! ID:%d)",id);
                        }
                        early_abort = true;
                        last_stop_reason = stop_reason::EOS_TOKEN_HIT;
                    }
                }

                if(!early_abort)
                {
                    for (const auto &matched : special_stop_sequence)
                    {
                        if(id==matched)
                        {
                            if(allow_regular_prints)
                            {
                                printf("\n(Special Stop Token Triggered! ID:%d)",matched);
                            }
                            early_abort = true;
                            last_stop_reason = stop_reason::EOS_TOKEN_HIT;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }

                if(!early_abort)
                {
                    for (const auto &matched : stop_sequence)
                    {
                        if (concat_output.find(matched) != std::string::npos)
                        {
                            early_abort = true;
                            if(allow_regular_prints)
                            {
                                auto match_clean = matched;
                                replace_all(match_clean, "\n", "\\n");
                                printf("\n(Stop sequence triggered: %s)", match_clean.c_str());
                            }
                            last_stop_reason = stop_reason::CUSTOM_STOPPER;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }

                logits_sampled += 1;
            }

            bool mtp_recovered_from_checkpoint = false;
            if(draft_used && draft_is_mtp && abort_draft && mtp_uses_spec_checkpoint && !mtp_spec_ckpt.empty())
            {
                const size_t replay_count = std::min(draft_results.verify_tokens.size(), (size_t) draft_accepted_this_round + 1);

                mtp_spec_ckpt.load_tgt(llama_ctx_v4, 0, LLAMA_STATE_SEQ_FLAGS_PARTIAL_ONLY);
                if(draft_ctx)
                {
                    mtp_spec_ckpt.load_dft(draft_ctx, 0, LLAMA_STATE_SEQ_FLAGS_PARTIAL_ONLY);
                }

                if(replay_count > 0)
                {
                    std::vector<int32_t> replay_tokens(
                        draft_results.verify_tokens.begin(),
                        draft_results.verify_tokens.begin() + replay_count);
                    kcpp_embd_batch replay_batch = kcpp_embd_batch(replay_tokens, draft_results.verify_n_past, use_mrope, true);
                    const int32_t replay_status = kcpp_decode_main_and_spec(llama_ctx_v4, replay_batch.batch);
                    if(replay_status != 0)
                    {
                        printf("\nERROR: MTP speculative checkpoint replay failed! (code:%d)\n", replay_status);
                        output.text = nullptr;
                        output.status = 0;
                        output.prompt_tokens = output.completion_tokens = 0;
                        last_stop_reason = stop_reason::ERROR_ENCOUNTERED;
                        output.stopreason = last_stop_reason;
                        generation_finished = true;
                        return output;
                    }
                    n_past = draft_results.verify_n_past + replay_tokens.size();
                }

                mtp_recovered_from_checkpoint = true;
            }

            if(draft_used && draft_spec)
            {
                common_speculative_accept(draft_spec, 0, draft_accepted_this_round);
            }

            //if we have somehow skipped ahead (e.g drafting), ensure that all tokens after npast are purged
            if (file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && draft_used && !mtp_recovered_from_checkpoint)
            {
                llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4), 0, n_past, -1);
                if (draft_ctx) {
                    llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(draft_ctx), 0, n_past, -1);
                }
            }

            fflush(stdout);
        }
        else if(!early_abort) //do not ingest prompt if aborted!
        {
            // some user input remains from prompt or interaction, forward it to processing
            while ((int)embd_inp.size() > input_consumed)
            {
                int currtoken = embd_inp[input_consumed];
                if(currtoken==MEDIA_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER_A || currtoken==MEDIA_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER_B) //special media token hit
                {
                    if(!media_embds_built) //this should never happen! however, handle it anyway
                    {
                        PrepareMediaEmbds(nctx, media_intro, media_outro);
                        media_embds_built = true;
                        printf("\nSomehow media embeds was not prepared (maybe no fast forward), rebuilding it...\n");
                    }

                    //if partial batch, dispatch existing first
                    if(embd.size()>0)
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        //batch is empty, do image processing
                        int mediatokenscounted = 0;
                        int mediatokensevaled = 0;
                        int introsize = media_intro.size();
                        int outrosize = media_outro.size();
                        while(input_consumed < embd_inp.size() && (embd_inp[input_consumed]==MEDIA_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER_A || embd_inp[input_consumed]==MEDIA_TOKEN_IDENTIFIER_B))
                        {
                            if (!last_n_tokens.empty())
                            {
                                last_n_tokens.erase(last_n_tokens.begin());
                            }
                            last_n_tokens.push_back(currtoken);
                            current_context_tokens.push_back(currtoken);
                            ++input_consumed;
                            ++mediatokenscounted;
                        }
                        for(int i=0;i<media_objects.size();++i)
                        {
                            //note: no handling for draft_ctx as we don't support vision for it
                            if(introsize>0 && i==0)
                            {
                                //added at the start of everything
                                kcpp_embd_batch batch = kcpp_embd_batch(media_intro, n_past, use_mrope, false);
                                auto evr = llama_decode(llama_ctx_v4, batch.batch);
                                if(evr!=0)
                                {
                                    printf("\nError when appending media intro: %d\n",evr);
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    printf("\rProcessing Media Intro (%d tokens)",introsize);
                                }
                                n_past += introsize;
                                mediatokensevaled += introsize;
                            }

                            int start_size = media_objects[i].chunk_start_seq.size();
                            if (start_size > 0) {
                                //add a separator between each image
                                kcpp_embd_batch batch = kcpp_embd_batch(media_objects[i].chunk_start_seq, n_past, use_mrope, false);
                                auto evr = llama_decode(llama_ctx_v4, batch.batch);
                                if(evr!=0)
                                {
                                    printf("\nError when appending media separator: %d\n",evr);
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    printf("\rProcessing Media Start Separator (%d tokens)",start_size);
                                }
                                n_past += start_size;
                                mediatokensevaled += start_size;
                            }

                            for(int j=0;j<media_objects[i].mediachunks.size();++j)
                            {
                                media_chunk chunk = media_objects[i].mediachunks[j];
                                if(allow_regular_prints)
                                {
                                    printf("\rProcessing Media Embedding %d (%d tokens)",(i+1), chunk.clp_image_tokens);
                                }
                                bool err = kcpp_eval_media(llama_ctx_v4,chunk,kcpp_data->n_batch,&n_past);
                                mediatokensevaled += chunk.clp_image_tokens;
                                if(!err)
                                {
                                    media_composite_image_signature = ""; //force invalidate
                                    fprintf(stderr, "\nFailed to eval media tokens at %d!\n",n_past);
                                    output.text = nullptr;
                                    output.status = 0;
                                    output.prompt_tokens = output.completion_tokens = 0;
                                    last_stop_reason = stop_reason::ERROR_ENCOUNTERED;
                                    output.stopreason = last_stop_reason;
                                    generation_finished = true;
                                    return output;
                                }
                            }

                            int end_size = media_objects[i].chunk_end_seq.size();
                            if (end_size > 0) {
                                //add a separator between each image
                                kcpp_embd_batch batch = kcpp_embd_batch(media_objects[i].chunk_end_seq, n_past, use_mrope, false);
                                auto evr = llama_decode(llama_ctx_v4, batch.batch);
                                if(evr!=0)
                                {
                                    printf("\nError when appending media separator: %d\n",evr);
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    printf("\rProcessing Media End Separator (%d tokens)",end_size);
                                }
                                n_past += end_size;
                                mediatokensevaled += end_size;
                            }
                        }
                        if(media_objects.size()>0 && outrosize>0)
                        {
                            //added after all media but before prompt
                            kcpp_embd_batch batch = kcpp_embd_batch(media_outro, n_past, use_mrope, false);
                            auto evr = llama_decode(llama_ctx_v4, batch.batch);
                            if(evr!=0)
                            {
                                printf("\nError when appending media outro: %d\n",evr);
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                printf("\rProcessing Media Outro (%d tokens)",outrosize);
                            }
                            n_past += outrosize;
                            mediatokensevaled += outrosize;
                        }
                        if(mediatokenscounted!=mediatokensevaled)
                        {
                            media_composite_image_signature = ""; //force invalidate
                            fprintf(stderr, "\nMedia tokens mismatch at %d! (%d vs %d tokens)\n",n_past,mediatokenscounted,mediatokensevaled);
                            output.text = nullptr;
                            output.status = 0;
                            output.prompt_tokens = output.completion_tokens = 0;
                            last_stop_reason = stop_reason::ERROR_ENCOUNTERED;
                            output.stopreason = last_stop_reason;
                            generation_finished = true;
                            return output;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    embd.push_back(currtoken);
                    if (!last_n_tokens.empty())
                    {
                        last_n_tokens.erase(last_n_tokens.begin());
                    }
                    last_n_tokens.push_back(currtoken);
                    current_context_tokens.push_back(currtoken);
                    ++input_consumed;
                    if ((int)embd.size() >= kcpp_data->n_batch)
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                }

            }
        }
    }

    //flush any remaining delayed tokens
    while(delayed_generated_tokens.size() > 0)
    {
        generated_tokens.push_back(delayed_generated_tokens[0]);
        concat_output_mtx.lock();
        concat_output += delayed_generated_tokens[0];
        concat_output_mtx.unlock();
        delayed_generated_tokens.pop_front();
    }

    //if running rnn model in smartcache mode, save progress after each gen
    // if(kcpp_data->smartcache && is_recurrent && file_format==FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC && current_context_tokens.size() > 32)
    // {
    //     smartcache_quick_snapshot();
    // }

    if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet && file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        printf("\n");
        llama_perf_context_print(llama_ctx_v4);
    }

    gen_time = timer_check();
    float pt1 = (process_time*1000.0/(embd_inp.size()==0?1:embd_inp.size()));
    float processed_tps = (pt1>0?(1000.0/pt1):0);
    int real_n_generated = kcpp_data->n_predict-remaining_tokens;
    float pt2 = (gen_time*1000.0/(real_n_generated<=0?1:real_n_generated));
    float generated_tps = (pt2>0?(1000.0/pt2):0);
    float total_time = (init_time + process_time + gen_time);
    printf("\n[%s] CtxLimit:%d/%d, Init:%.2fs, Processed:%d in %.2fs (%.2fT/s), Generated:%d/%d in %.2fs (%.2fT/s), Total:%.2fs",
    get_timestamp_str().c_str(),(int)current_context_tokens.size(),(int)nctx, init_time, real_n_processed, process_time, processed_tps, real_n_generated, kcpp_data->n_predict, gen_time, generated_tps, total_time);

    if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet && (draft_successes+draft_failures)>0)
    {
        printf("\n(Draft Results - Success:%d, Failure:%d)",draft_successes,draft_failures);
    }
    if(check_slowness && generated_tps<2.0f && real_n_generated>1)
    {
        check_slowness = false;
        if(!is_quiet)
        {
            printf("\n======\nNote: Your generation speed appears rather slow. You can try relaunching KoboldCpp with the high priority toggle (or --highpriority) to see if it helps.\n======\n");
        }
    }
    fflush(stdout);
    output.status = 1;
    int finaltokcount = (int)current_context_tokens.size()-real_n_generated;
    output.prompt_tokens = (finaltokcount<0?0:finaltokcount);
    output.completion_tokens = real_n_generated;
    output.stopreason = last_stop_reason;
    last_eval_time = pt2;
    last_process_time = pt1;
    last_token_count = real_n_generated;
    last_input_count = (finaltokcount<0?0:finaltokcount);
    last_seed = kcpp_data->seed;
    last_draft_failed = draft_failures;
    last_draft_success = draft_successes;
    total_gens += 1;
    concat_output_mtx.lock();
    concat_output_reader_copy_res = concat_output;
    concat_output_mtx.unlock();
    output.text = concat_output_reader_copy_res.c_str();
    generation_finished = true;
    return output;
}

size_t gpttype_calc_new_state_kv()
{
    if(kcpp_data==nullptr)
    {
        return 0;
    }
    if(file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        size_t s1 = llama_state_get_size(llama_ctx_v4);
        if(draft_ctx)
        {
            size_t s2 = llama_state_get_size(draft_ctx);
            s1 += s2;
        }
        return s1;
    }
    return 0;
}
size_t gpttype_calc_old_state_kv(int slot)
{
    return savestates[slot].current_savestate_size + savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_size;
}
size_t gpttype_calc_old_state_tokencount(int slot)
{
    return savestates[slot].savestate_context_tokens.size();
}
size_t gpttype_calc_new_state_tokencount()
{
    return current_context_tokens.size();
}
size_t gpttype_save_state_kv(int slot)
{
    if(kcpp_data==nullptr)
    {
        return 0;
    }
    if(file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        size_t totalbytes = 0;
        if (!savestates[slot].current_savestate_buffer.empty()) {  //JIT free
            savestates[slot].current_savestate_buffer.clear();
            savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_buffer.clear();
            savestates[slot].savestate_context_tokens.clear();
            savestates[slot].latest_logits.clear();
            savestates[slot].current_savestate_size = 0;
            savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_size = 0;
            savestates[slot].media_signature = "";
        }
        size_t newsize = llama_state_get_size(llama_ctx_v4);
        try {
            if (savestates[slot].current_savestate_buffer.capacity() < newsize + 512) {
                savestates[slot].current_savestate_buffer = std::vector<uint8_t>(newsize + 512); // add some padding. May throw std::bad_alloc
            } else {
                savestates[slot].current_savestate_buffer.resize(newsize + 512);
            }
        } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
            fprintf(stderr, "KV Save State: Failed to allocate %zu bytes.\n", newsize + 512);
            return 0;
        }
        auto res = llama_state_get_data(llama_ctx_v4, savestates[slot].current_savestate_buffer.data(), newsize);
        if (res > 0) {
            totalbytes += res;
            savestates[slot].current_savestate_size   = newsize;
            savestates[slot].savestate_context_tokens = current_context_tokens;
            savestates[slot].media_signature = media_composite_image_signature;
            float * lgptr = (draft_is_mtp ? llama_get_logits_ith(llama_ctx_v4, -1) : llama_get_logits(llama_ctx_v4));
            savestates[slot].latest_logits.assign(lgptr,lgptr+n_vocab);
            int maxedpos = llama_memory_seq_pos_max(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4),0);
            //kcpp: so maxedpos appears to always be equal to ctx tokens - 2, if savestate_ctx_tokens > maxedpos + 2 then trim excess
            if(maxedpos > 0 && savestates[slot].savestate_context_tokens.size() > maxedpos + 2)
            {
                //dirty hack for the memory actually being off, correct the state
                if(debugmode==1 && !is_quiet)
                {
                    printf("\nSaveState inconsistency fix, trimming from %d to %d\n",savestates[slot].savestate_context_tokens.size(),maxedpos+2);
                }
                while(savestates[slot].savestate_context_tokens.size() > maxedpos+2)
                {
                    savestates[slot].savestate_context_tokens.pop_back();
                }
            }
            touch_slot(slot);
            printf("\nKV Save State %d: Created SaveState of %zu tokens, costing %zu MB.\n",slot,savestates[slot].savestate_context_tokens.size(),savestates[slot].current_savestate_size/(1024*1024));
        }

        if(draft_ctx)
        {
            size_t newsize2 = llama_state_get_size(draft_ctx);
            try {
                if (savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_buffer.capacity() < newsize2 + 512) {
                    savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_buffer = std::vector<uint8_t>(newsize2 + 512);
                } else {
                    savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_buffer.resize(newsize2 + 512);
                }
            } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
                fprintf(stderr, "KV Save State: Failed to allocate %zu bytes.\n", newsize2 + 512);
                return 0;
            }
            auto res2 = llama_state_get_data(draft_ctx, savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_buffer.data(), newsize2);
            if (res2 > 0) {
                totalbytes += res2;
                savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_size = newsize2;
                printf("\nKV Save State %d: Created DraftSaveState of %zu tokens, costing %zu MB.\n",slot,current_context_tokens.size(),savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_size/(1024*1024));
            }
        }
        return totalbytes;
    }
    return 0;
}
bool gpttype_load_state_kv(int slot)
{
    if(kcpp_data==nullptr)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if(file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        if (savestates[slot].current_savestate_buffer.empty()) {
            return false;
        }
        llama_memory_clear(llama_get_memory(llama_ctx_v4),true);
        auto res = llama_state_set_data(llama_ctx_v4, savestates[slot].current_savestate_buffer.data(), savestates[slot].current_savestate_size);
        if(res > 0)
        {
            current_context_tokens = savestates[slot].savestate_context_tokens;
            loaded_latest_logits = savestates[slot].latest_logits;
            printf("\nKV Load SaveState %d: Restored KV with %zu tokens.\n", slot,current_context_tokens.size());
            if(draft_ctx && savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_size>0)
            {
                llama_memory_clear(llama_get_memory(draft_ctx),true);
                auto res2 = llama_state_set_data(draft_ctx, savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_buffer.data(), savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_size);
                printf("\nKV Load DraftSaveState %d: Restored KV with %zu tokens.\n", slot,current_context_tokens.size());
            }
            touch_slot(slot);
        }
        return (res > 0);
    }
    return false;
}
bool gpttype_clear_state_kv(bool shrink)
{
    if(kcpp_data==nullptr)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if(file_format == FileFormat::GGUF_GENERIC)
    {
        for(int slot=0;slot<savestate_limit;++slot)
        {
            if (!savestates[slot].current_savestate_buffer.empty()) {
                printf("\nKV Clear SaveState %d: Freed %zu MB.\n",slot, savestates[slot].current_savestate_size / (1024 * 1024));
                savestates[slot].current_savestate_buffer.clear();
                if(shrink)
                {
                    savestates[slot].current_savestate_buffer.shrink_to_fit();
                }
                savestates[slot].savestate_context_tokens.clear();
                savestates[slot].current_savestate_size = 0;
                savestates[slot].media_signature = "";
                if(draft_ctx && savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_size>0)
                {
                    savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_buffer.clear();
                    if(shrink)
                    {
                        savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_buffer.shrink_to_fit();
                    }
                    savestates[slot].current_draft_savestate_size = 0;
                }
                savestates[slot].last_used = 0;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
void touch_slot(int slot) //update the slot's last used time and nothing else
{
    auto timenow = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
    auto timestamp = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(timenow.time_since_epoch()).count();
    savestates[slot].last_used = timestamp;
}
int get_identical_existing_slot() //returns slot number of slot containing exactly the same data, or -1 if nothing
{
    int64_t slotage = INT64_MAX; // Initialize with maximum possible value
    int slotid = -1;
    int currctxsize = current_context_tokens.size();
    for(int i=0;i<savestate_limit;++i)
    {
        if(savestates[i].savestate_context_tokens.size() == currctxsize && savestates[i].media_signature==media_composite_image_signature)
        {
            bool is_identical = true;
            const auto& slot_tokens = savestates[i].savestate_context_tokens;
            for (size_t j = 0; j < currctxsize; ++j)
            {
                if (slot_tokens[j] != current_context_tokens[j])
                {
                    is_identical = false;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (is_identical)
            {
                slotid = i;
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    return slotid;
}

int get_oldest_slot(int excludeSlotId)
{
    int64_t slotage = INT64_MAX; // Initialize with maximum possible value
    int slotid = 0;
    for(int i=0;i<savestate_limit;++i)
    {
        if(i==excludeSlotId || (rnn_lifeboat_hard_reserved && i==rnn_lifeboat_slot_idx))
        {
            continue;
        }
        if(savestates[i].last_used <= slotage)
        {
            slotage = savestates[i].last_used;
            slotid = i;
        }
    }
    return slotid;
}