The issue reproduction steps can be found here: LINBIT/linstor-server#450.
I have been reviewing some code and believe I have found the reson.
When a node recovers, linstor-server executes drbdadm adjust to synchronize resource configurations. However, under the conditions described in the issue, the execution of drbd_adm_peer_device_opts->clear_peer_slot fails with an ENODEV error(before drbd_adm_attach completes, diskstate == D_DISKLESS), resulting in residual bitmap data.