diff --git a/.eslintrc b/.eslintrc
index cf69b6fcc..c8846a00d 100644
--- a/.eslintrc
+++ b/.eslintrc
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
         "plugin:@typescript-eslint/recommended"
     ],
     "rules": {
-        "no-console": 0,
+        "no-console": "warn",
         "@typescript-eslint/ban-types": [
             "error",
             {
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
                 }
             }
         ],
-        "@typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any": "off",
+        "@typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any": "warn",
         "@typescript-eslint/no-this-alias": "off",
         "no-case-declarations": "off",
         "no-extra-semi": "off",
diff --git a/BUTTON_PERFORMANCE.md b/BUTTON_PERFORMANCE.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6d04d284
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BUTTON_PERFORMANCE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# `<ch5-button>` vs Bootstrap `.btn` — runtime cost on TSW-770
+
+> Companion analysis to the CH5 architecture review.
+> Sibling to `MIGRATION.md` (Phase 1 inventory) and
+> `LIST_VIRTUALIZATION.md` (Phase 2 case for list family).
+> Target hardware: Crestron TSW-770 (7" tabletop touch panel, embedded
+> ARM, modest RAM, no GPU compositing on touch).
+
+---
+
+## The asymmetry (so we're honest about it)
+
+These solve different problems:
+
+- **Bootstrap `.btn`** is mostly CSS — a `<button>` with classes that
+  pick up styling. There's *no* per-instance JS unless you opt in to
+  the toggle plugin (Bootstrap 5's `button.js` is ~50 LOC, one
+  delegated body-level listener for the whole page).
+- **`<ch5-button>`** is a reactive custom element bound to the
+  Crestron signal bus — `receiveState*` for label/icon/mode/selected,
+  `sendEvent*` for press/release/click, pressable behaviour for
+  panel-appropriate touch handling, and a mode-state matrix.
+
+So a flat "Bootstrap is 30× faster" claim is misleading. But it's
+also true that **the current `ch5-button` pays far more than its real
+requirements demand**. The interesting part isn't that ch5 is heavier
+— it's *how much* of that weight is incidental.
+
+---
+
+## Per-instance cost (hard numbers)
+
+All citations are against `master` (not the Phase 1 research branch).
+
+|                                       | Bootstrap `.btn`            | `<ch5-button>` (master) |
+|---------------------------------------|-----------------------------|--------------------------|
+| DOM nodes                              | **1**                       | **6–9**  *(`ch5-button-base.ts:2022–2048`)* |
+| Heap objects allocated on init        | 0–1                         | **20–30**                |
+| Bound closures stashed in fields      | 0                           | **~15**                  |
+| Native event listeners                 | 0 (delegated, if any)       | **8–10** *(`ch5-pressable.ts:165–179`, `ch5-button-base.ts:1441–1452`)* |
+| Browser-level observers                | 0                           | **2 per instance** — one `MutationObserver`, one `ResizeObserver`  *(`ch5-button-base.ts:1211, 1451`)* |
+| Signal subscriptions                   | 0                           | **10+** *(`ch5-button-signal.ts:22–31` + base)* |
+| Memory per instance (rough)            | < 1 KB                      | **15–25 KB**             |
+| classList ops on attribute change     | 0 (CSS-driven)              | **30–40** per render *(`ch5-button-base.ts:2897–2950`)* |
+| Render after `label=` change          | n/a                         | `this._elButton.innerHTML = ''` + rebuild *(line 2815)* |
+
+A back-of-envelope for a typical panel project: ~100 buttons across
+all subpages (subpages stay resident for instant switching) →
+**~2 MB of button instance state alone**, on a panel that has limited
+headroom for that. Plus 100 `MutationObserver`s and 100
+`ResizeObserver`s, each firing independently on every relevant DOM
+event.
+
+---
+
+## The three worst hot spots
+
+These are the ones where the cost is *incidental* — removing them
+does not change what the component does.
+
+### 1. `updateCssClasses()` enumerates the full class set on every change *(lines 2897–2950)*
+
+```ts
+this._listOfAllPossibleComponentCssClasses.forEach(cssClass => {
+  if (setOfCssClassesToBeApplied.has(cssClass)) targetEl.classList.add(cssClass);
+  else targetEl.classList.remove(cssClass);
+});
+```
+
+On every type/shape/size/stretch change — i.e. every signal-driven
+mode flip — this walks ~40 candidate classes and calls `classList.add`
+or `remove` for each. The browser observes every `classList`
+mutation; with the per-instance `MutationObserver` watching for
+`style` and `inert`, *each* call enters and exits the observer's
+record queue. That's why ch5-button feels heavy when modes change
+rapidly under signal traffic.
+
+**Bootstrap equivalent:** a single class swap
+(`.btn-primary` → `.btn-success`), or just sit on the static class
+and let CSS handle hover/active/disabled via pseudo-classes.
+
+### 2. Two browser-level observers per button *(line 1211 + 1451)*
+
+```ts
+initCommonMutationObserver(this);                                       // MutationObserver
+resizeObserver(this._elContainer, this.onWindowResizeHandler.bind(this)); // ResizeObserver
+```
+
+100 buttons on a panel → 200 observers running. The
+`MutationObserver` exists to detect parent-driven visibility changes
+(`style`, `inert`); the `ResizeObserver` exists to handle the rare
+case of vertical orientation needing re-layout. **Phase 1's
+shared-observer pool already fixes this** (see `MIGRATION.md`) — but
+on master it's per-instance.
+
+**Bootstrap equivalent:** none. Buttons don't need observers.
+Visibility cascades via CSS; orientation is handled by media queries.
+
+### 3. `innerHTML = ''` + rebuild on label/icon change *(line 2815)*
+
+```ts
+this._elButton.innerHTML = '';
+this._elButton.appendChild(this._elSpanForLabelOnly);
+…
+this._elSpanForLabelOnly.innerHTML = this._label;   // line 2600
+```
+
+Wiping and rebuilding the button's interior on every label change is
+the wrong shape. It re-parses HTML, triggers layout, and destroys +
+recreates the label span. A swap to `textContent =` on the existing
+span is one line and orders of magnitude cheaper.
+
+**Bootstrap equivalent:** `button.textContent = newLabel`. Done.
+
+---
+
+## Why ch5 is so much heavier — and what's actually load-bearing
+
+Of the 15–25 KB per button, the part that is **genuinely required**
+for CH5's semantics:
+
+- Some signal subscriptions (label / selected / mode + send-events)
+  — but probably 3–5, not 10.
+- Pressable behaviour (panel touch ergonomics differ from desktop) —
+  but a single delegated body-level pointer handler (Bootstrap's
+  model) would do.
+- A mode-state lookup (mode → visual state) — a small object, not a
+  class hierarchy.
+- Selected / pressed / disabled state tracking — three booleans.
+
+The rest is **incidental**:
+
+- The 6–9-node DOM scaffold (a single `<button>` with `::before` /
+  `::after` pseudo-elements or an inline `<i>` could cover icon +
+  label).
+- The per-instance observers (Phase 1 pools fix this).
+- The 30+-class enumeration (a state-diff-based approach replaces it).
+- Eager allocation of `Ch5Properties`, `Ch5ButtonSignal`, the binding
+  closures, etc. — many could be lazy or shared.
+- `Ch5Common`'s baseline cost — every button drags in the entire
+  lifecycle of the 1,938-LOC common base, including parts (gestures,
+  viewport intersection, custom-CSS-class binding) most buttons
+  never use.
+
+---
+
+## Improvements, ranked by ROI on TSW-770
+
+| # | Change | Effort | Per-button win | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| 1 | **Switch class application to a delta-set** — only `add` / `remove` classes that actually changed. | small | 30–40 classList ops → 0–2 | Pure code change inside `updateCssClasses`. Big win on signal-driven mode flips. |
+| 2 | **Replace `innerHTML = ''` rebuilds with targeted `textContent` / `setAttribute` updates.** | small | One synchronous parse + reflow → none | Already isolated to label/icon paths; doesn't change the public API. |
+| 3 | **Adopt the Phase 1 shared observer pools** for the per-button `MutationObserver` and `ResizeObserver`. | already done on the branch | 200 observers → 2 | This work exists; merging it deletes the per-instance observer cost across all components. |
+| 4 | **Flatten the internal DOM** to 1–2 nodes (the button + an optional icon) using CSS pseudo-elements for selected / pressed dressing. | medium | 6–9 nodes → 1–2 | The visual states Bootstrap gets from `:hover` / `:active` / `:disabled` / `:focus-visible` can be reused; CH5 just adds `[data-selected]` / `[data-mode]` attribute selectors. |
+| 5 | **Lazy-allocate the signal subscriptions** — only subscribe when an attribute is set (most buttons have only label + sendEvent, not all 10). | medium | 10 subs → 1–3 | Already partially in code structure; needs to be pulled out of constructor into setter paths. |
+| 6 | **Delegate touch handling** — one body-level pointer router instead of per-button listeners (Bootstrap-style). | medium | 8–10 listeners → 0 per button | The delegated handler resolves `event.target.closest('ch5-button')` and routes. |
+| 7 | **Skip `Ch5Common` features the button doesn't use** — gestures, viewport intersection, custom CSS binding cost time even when unused. Mixin / trait composition (the maintainability Phase 2 work) makes this possible. | large | 5–8 KB | The structural refactor flagged in the original review. |
+
+The first three are the cheapest big wins. The combination of
+(1) + (2) + (3) on master is probably a **5–10× reduction in
+per-button steady-state cost** without touching the public API or
+the visual design.
+
+(4) and beyond start to look architectural — they're the same
+arguments as the "decompose `Ch5Common` into mixins" recommendation
+from the architecture review.
+
+---
+
+## On TSW-770 specifically
+
+The relevant constraints for any 7" embedded panel:
+
+- A single main thread shared with signal-bus traffic.
+- Limited RAM, no swap — heap pressure matters more than transient
+  CPU spikes.
+- Modest CPU and weak / no GPU compositing on touch interactions.
+- Multiple subpages typically kept resident for instant switching,
+  so per-button costs multiply by the *total* component count, not
+  the *visible* count.
+
+The shape of those constraints is what makes the per-button
+improvements above unusually high-ROI compared to the same change
+on a desktop browser. A 5–10× per-instance reduction times 100+
+buttons resident is the difference between "the panel feels snappy"
+and "the panel hesitates when a subpage opens."
+
+---
+
+## Suggested sequencing
+
+1. **Land Phase 1** (the research branch). That's already done; merging
+   gives all components — buttons included — the shared-observer
+   savings and the leak fix.
+2. **Hot-spot fix #1 (delta classList) + #2 (targeted text updates)**
+   inside `ch5-button-base.ts`. Contained surface, no public-API
+   change, each fix can ship with its own Jest regression test using
+   the Phase 1 harness.
+3. **Hot-spot fix #4 (flatten DOM) + #5 (lazy subscriptions)** —
+   bigger, want to do them behind a benchmark test that asserts
+   DOM-node-count and observer-count per button.
+4. **#6 (delegated touch) and #7 (Ch5Common decomposition)** — fold
+   into the Phase 2 maintainability work.
+
+---
+
+## Open questions for the team
+
+Before any of (1)–(7) becomes a real PR:
+
+- **Visual parity.** Are there visual states today that genuinely
+  require the multi-node scaffold, or is everything achievable with a
+  flatter DOM + pseudo-elements?
+- **Mode-state matrix.** How dynamic is mode switching in real
+  customer projects? If a button typically lives in one mode and
+  rarely switches, the delta-set fix is enough; if modes flip
+  frequently under signal traffic, the win is bigger.
+- **Signal-subscription coverage.** What percentage of `<ch5-button>`
+  instances in real customer projects actually use the rarer
+  receive-state attributes (`receiveStateScriptLabelHtml`,
+  `receiveStateIconUrl`)? If most use only label + sendEvent, lazy
+  allocation is the biggest win.
+- **Pressable semantics.** Is there real divergence between
+  ch5-pressable behaviour and what a delegated pointer handler could
+  provide, or has Pointer Events caught up enough that we can
+  retire the per-instance ch5-pressable cost?
diff --git a/CAPABILITY_ON_DEMAND.md b/CAPABILITY_ON_DEMAND.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2377638ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CAPABILITY_ON_DEMAND.md
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+# Capability-on-Demand for `<ch5-button>` (and beyond)
+
+> Fourth in the architecture-review doc series.
+> Companion to `MIGRATION.md` (Phase 1 inventory),
+> `LIST_VIRTUALIZATION.md` (Phase 2 case for list family),
+> and `BUTTON_PERFORMANCE.md` (per-instance cost analysis).
+>
+> Status: design discussion. No code shipped against this. The
+> intent is to align the team on whether it's worth a focused
+> prototype before any commitment is made.
+
+---
+
+## The question
+
+Today, every `<ch5-button>` instance allocates the full capability
+surface up front — all signal subscriptions, all observers, all
+mode-state machinery, all CSS class enumeration — even if the
+authored markup only uses `label` and `sendEventOnClick`. Can we
+make the component allocate **only what the authoring actually
+asks for**?
+
+The short answer: yes, and CH5 is unusually well-positioned for it
+because the toolchain has visibility into every customer project.
+
+---
+
+## The two meanings of "build what's needed on the fly"
+
+These are complementary, not competing.
+
+### A. Runtime-lazy composition
+
+The component starts as a minimal shell. Each *capability* (label,
+icon, modes, `receiveStateLabel`, `sendEventOnClick`, custom CSS,
+pressable…) is encapsulated as an installable **feature**. A
+feature is installed only when its triggering attribute appears.
+
+### B. Build-time pruning
+
+The CH5 HTML5 UI Builder already sees every `<ch5-button>` in every
+project. At build time it can determine the union of capabilities
+the project actually uses and emit a tailored bundle — or annotate
+each button with what it needs.
+
+The two combine well: **build-time decides which features to ship;
+runtime decides which features to instantiate per button.**
+
+---
+
+## How — runtime-lazy, concretely
+
+The pattern most appropriate for CH5's constraints is a **feature
+registry** with lazy installation, triggered by attribute presence.
+The architectural shape:
+
+```ts
+// Each capability is a small self-contained module
+interface Feature {
+  install(el: Ch5Button): FeatureInstance;
+}
+
+interface FeatureInstance {
+  update(value: string | null): void;
+  dispose(): void;
+}
+
+const featureRegistry: Record<string, Feature> = {
+  // Cheap, always-on
+  label: LabelFeature,
+  iconclass: IconClassFeature,
+
+  // Signal-bound
+  receivestatelabel: ReceiveStateFeature('label', 'string'),
+  receivestateselected: ReceiveStateFeature('selected', 'boolean'),
+  receivestatemode: ReceiveStateFeature('mode', 'number'),
+
+  // Send-event side
+  sendeventonclick: SendEventFeature('click'),
+  sendeventontouch: SendEventFeature('touch'),
+
+  // Heavier behaviours
+  mode: ModeFeature,
+  customclass: CustomClassFeature,
+  pressable: PressableFeature,        // installed by attribute OR by sendEventOn*
+};
+
+class Ch5Button extends HTMLElement {
+  static observedAttributes = Object.keys(featureRegistry);
+
+  private _features = new Map<string, FeatureInstance>();
+  private _shell: HTMLButtonElement;
+
+  connectedCallback() {
+    this._shell = this.renderShell();   // 1 DOM node + maybe an icon slot
+    this.appendChild(this._shell);
+  }
+
+  attributeChangedCallback(name: string, _old: string | null, value: string | null) {
+    if (value === null) {
+      this._features.get(name)?.dispose();
+      this._features.delete(name);
+      return;
+    }
+    let inst = this._features.get(name);
+    if (!inst) {
+      inst = featureRegistry[name].install(this);
+      this._features.set(name, inst);
+    }
+    inst.update(value);
+  }
+
+  disconnectedCallback() {
+    this._features.forEach(f => f.dispose());
+    this._features.clear();
+  }
+}
+```
+
+A button with `<ch5-button label="Play" sendEventOnClick="play.sig">`
+instantiates **two** features. The current implementation
+instantiates *all* of them. That's the win.
+
+### Three things make this work cleanly in CH5
+
+1. **The attribute set already declares intent.** `<ch5-button>`
+   already lists every capability via `receiveState*` /
+   `sendEvent*` / `label` / `mode` etc. We don't need a new
+   authoring model — the existing attributes ARE the lazy-install
+   triggers.
+
+2. **The Phase 1 subscription discipline is the foundation.** Each
+   `FeatureInstance.dispose()` is exactly the cleanup contract
+   Phase 1 installed on `Ch5Common`. The bridge `subKey` pattern and
+   `_baseClassSubscriptions[]` drain map directly onto per-feature
+   lifecycle.
+
+3. **The `Ch5Common` decomposition (Phase 2 maintainability work)
+   makes the features expressible.** Today, "subscribe to
+   `receiveStateLabel`" is entangled in 1,938 LOC of base class.
+   Once `Ch5Common` is split into mixins/services, each feature is
+   just a small composition target.
+
+---
+
+## How — build-time pruning, concretely
+
+The toolchain has unusually clear visibility into every customer
+project. A build pipeline could:
+
+1. **Parse the project's HTML/templates** and collect the set of
+   attributes ever used on `<ch5-button>` (and other components).
+2. **Emit a feature manifest:**
+   ```json
+   { "ch5-button": ["label","sendEventOnClick","mode","receiveStateLabel"] }
+   ```
+3. **Tree-shake the feature modules** at bundle time. Features not
+   in the manifest are not registered, so their code never ships.
+4. **For projects that DO need runtime dynamism** (signal-driven
+   attribute changes that introduce features at runtime), the
+   toolchain emits a "full" bundle and skips the prune.
+
+The manifest can even be customer-by-customer: a panel that only
+ever shows static labels gets a tiny bundle; one that uses every
+capability gets the existing footprint.
+
+---
+
+## Pros
+
+| Concern | Runtime-lazy (A) | Build-time prune (B) | Combined |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Per-button memory | 15–25 KB → **2–5 KB typical** | unchanged | **2–5 KB typical** |
+| Per-button observers | 2 → **0 unless attribute present** | unchanged | **0 unless attribute present** |
+| Per-button signal subs | 10 → **as authored, typically 1–3** | unchanged | **1–3** |
+| Bundle size | unchanged | **30–60% smaller for trimmed projects** | **30–60% smaller** |
+| Initial render time | ↓ for sparse buttons | unchanged | ↓ |
+| Authoring model | unchanged | unchanged | unchanged |
+| Compatibility with existing projects | high (same HTML) | high (same HTML) | high |
+| Testability | each feature is independently testable | unchanged | each feature is independently testable |
+| Fits with Phase 1 work | very well — extends the same lifecycle discipline | well | very well |
+| Fits with `Ch5Common` decomposition (Phase 2) | this **is** the structural target | independent | converges nicely |
+
+---
+
+## Cons / what's hard
+
+1. **Inter-feature coordination.** Some attributes are mutually
+   exclusive or have precedence (`label` vs `scriptLabelHtml`;
+   `mode` vs explicit `type`/`shape`). Lazy install needs a small
+   mediator so features don't trample each other — usually a
+   "claims" pattern: each feature declares what part of the button
+   it owns; the registry rejects conflicts.
+
+2. **Attribute order sensitivity.** If features depend on each
+   other (e.g., `receiveStateMode` only matters once `mode` is
+   interpretable), install order must be deterministic. Solvable
+   by topological install when multiple attributes arrive in the
+   same microtask, but it's a real concern.
+
+3. **Debuggability.** When something doesn't work, "which feature
+   is responsible for the broken behaviour?" is one more lookup
+   than "it's in `ch5-button-base.ts` somewhere". Mitigated with
+   strong naming and a `__features` debug accessor.
+
+4. **Snapshot/migration risk.** Today, every receive-state
+   subscription is set up in the ctor regardless of whether the
+   corresponding attribute is present. Lazy install means the
+   signal is subscribed *later*, which subtly changes when the
+   first value arrives. Most consumers won't notice, but a few
+   might depend on "value is available immediately after
+   construction" — needs validation against real customer
+   projects.
+
+5. **Build-time prune requires toolchain buy-in.** The HTML5 UI
+   Builder team needs to add the manifest emit; the runtime needs
+   a way to pick the trimmed bundle. Not technically hard, but
+   it's organizational work.
+
+6. **Runtime feature install is not free.** There's a small
+   indirection cost per attribute-change. For a button whose
+   attributes never change after init, the per-attribute install
+   cost is paid once and forgotten. For a button whose
+   `receiveStateLabel` is rapidly mutated, it's already cached.
+   The pathological case (rapidly toggling an attribute on and
+   off, causing repeated install/dispose) is unusual but worth a
+   benchmark.
+
+7. **Some "always-on" parts can't be lazy.** Accessibility ARIA
+   roles, the click semantics that send the `sendEventOnClick` —
+   those are part of the always-on shell. The lazy registry only
+   covers *opt-in* capabilities. (This is actually fine — it just
+   clarifies what the always-on shell is.)
+
+---
+
+## CH5-specific considerations
+
+- **The toolchain is a unique asset.** Most web-component
+  libraries can't assume a build channel. CH5 can. Build-time
+  pruning is unusually attractive here for that reason.
+- **Reactive controllers / Lit have validated the pattern.** This
+  isn't experimental — Lit's `ReactiveController` and FAST's
+  directives are essentially this idea. CH5 doesn't need to copy
+  them, but it can copy what they got right.
+- **The Phase 1 work is the runway.** The shared observers, the
+  leak fix, the test harness, the bridge-subscription discipline
+  — those are exactly the foundation the feature registry sits
+  on. Phase 1 was not "perf tweaks", it was "make this kind of
+  refactor safe."
+
+---
+
+## Pragmatic suggestion — a falsifiable proof of concept
+
+If we want to validate the idea before committing to a full
+refactor, here's a low-risk way:
+
+1. **Pick one capability that's genuinely opt-in** —
+   `receiveStateScriptLabelHtml` is a good candidate: used by
+   perhaps 5% of buttons in the wild, currently allocated in 100%
+   of them.
+2. **Extract it to a feature module.** No registry yet — just
+   demonstrate that the capability can live outside the ctor.
+3. **Wire it through `attributeChangedCallback`** instead of the
+   ctor. Measure: per-button bytes, observer count, first-paint
+   time, in a benchmark with 100 buttons (extending the Phase 1
+   perf-test pattern).
+4. **If the numbers land**, generalise the pattern, build the
+   registry, migrate the next 2–3 capabilities. Each migration is
+   independently shippable.
+5. **In parallel**, prototype the manifest emitter in the
+   toolchain — even just as a separate script that scans a
+   project directory and reports the set of attributes used.
+   Confirms how much trimming is realistically available.
+
+That's roughly two weeks of focused work for a falsifiable
+proof-of-concept, and tells us whether the bigger refactor is
+worth the investment **without committing to it**.
+
+---
+
+## Open questions for the team
+
+- **How much project-to-project variation is there?** If 80% of
+  customer projects use the same ~5 attributes on `<ch5-button>`,
+  build-time pruning has obvious leverage. If every project is a
+  snowflake using every attribute, runtime-lazy is still useful
+  but build-time prune is less so.
+- **Are there signal-bound attributes whose initial subscription
+  timing is load-bearing?** I.e. consumers who depend on the
+  current "subscribe-in-ctor" semantics rather than the proposed
+  "subscribe-when-attribute-arrives" semantics.
+- **What's the appetite for shipping multiple bundles?** A
+  "full" bundle and a "trimmed" bundle is the simplest delivery
+  model. A per-project bundle is the strongest perf story but
+  more infra.
+- **Where else would this pattern apply first?** `<ch5-button>`
+  is the right pilot because of its allocation density and
+  per-project count. After that, `<ch5-list>` items, then the
+  rest of the component family.
+
+---
+
+## Relationship to the rest of the doc series
+
+- **Phase 1 (`MIGRATION.md`)** ships the lifecycle discipline this
+  pattern needs.
+- **Phase 2 maintainability** decomposes `Ch5Common` — without
+  that, features can't cleanly opt in/out of base behaviours.
+- **`BUTTON_PERFORMANCE.md`** quantifies the per-button cost
+  surface this pattern attacks.
+- **`LIST_VIRTUALIZATION.md`** addresses an orthogonal problem
+  (rendering many items efficiently), but the same feature-registry
+  idea applies to list-item templates: render only what's
+  declared, install what's referenced.
+
+This doc is the **why** and **how**. If the team is interested,
+the next step is a focused two-week prototype (see "Pragmatic
+suggestion" above) to make it concrete.
diff --git a/LIST_VIRTUALIZATION.md b/LIST_VIRTUALIZATION.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32187a05b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LIST_VIRTUALIZATION.md
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# DOM Weight & List Virtualisation
+
+> Companion analysis to the CH5 architecture review.
+> Branch: `research/upgrade-ch5-for-solid`. Phase 1 has shipped the
+> rails (test harness, shared observers, leak fixes) that make this
+> work safe to undertake. This document is the case for Phase 2/3
+> picking it up.
+
+---
+
+## The finding, restated
+
+Every list-family component in CH5 renders **every item to the DOM**,
+regardless of viewport. There is no virtualisation, no windowing, no
+node recycling. A 1,000-item list creates 1,000 DOM nodes — for a panel
+that, at any moment, can see maybe 6–10 of them.
+
+This was called out as the **#1 critical performance finding** in the
+architecture review — the single biggest perf cliff on the deployment
+target.
+
+### Affected components
+
+| File                                                          |   LOC | What it does                       |
+|---------------------------------------------------------------|------:|------------------------------------|
+| `src/ch5-list/ch5-list.ts` + `ch5-list-template.ts`           | ~3,400 | Generic list                       |
+| `src/ch5-button-list/base-classes/ch5-button-list-base.ts`    | 2,755 | Button list                        |
+| `src/ch5-subpage-reference-list/ch5-subpage-reference-list.ts`| 2,062 | Subpage-instantiating list         |
+| `src/ch5-spinner/ch5-spinner.ts`                              | 1,796 | Wheel picker                       |
+
+### Hot evidence
+
+- **`ch5-list-template.ts:257–268`**
+  `while (index < itemsToShowNrOnFirstRender) { listFragment.appendChild(...); }`
+  then one bulk `element.appendChild(listFragment)`. The fragment is a
+  batch insert, but the loop materialises *all N* template instances.
+  No window.
+- **`ch5-spinner.ts:1452–1483`** — `repaint()` removes every child and
+  recreates every child on each pass. Not partial updates — full
+  teardown/rebuild.
+- **`ch5-list-buffered-items.ts`** — the name *sounds* like
+  virtualisation but it's only prefetch *data* caching. The DOM still
+  gets every row at init.
+
+---
+
+## Why it hurts specifically on Crestron panels
+
+On the desktop you can paper over a lot of DOM weight — Chrome, beefy
+CPU, 16 GB RAM, a GPU, modern compositing. On a panel:
+
+- **Memory is tight.** Each DOM node carries layout boxes, style
+  cascades, event-target slots, custom-element internals. A
+  `<ch5-button>` with modes/labels/gestures is *not* a 200-byte object —
+  closer to several KB. 1,000 buttons = several MB of resident DOM,
+  on a device that may only have a few hundred MB free.
+- **Layout cost is O(N).** Every reflow walks the tree. Adding 1,000
+  items doesn't just cost N at insert — it costs N on every subsequent
+  style change, attribute mutation, or resize. The
+  `getBoundingClientRect()` calls in `ch5-list-template.ts:646–676`
+  get more expensive with every item.
+- **First paint is blocked.** Building N nodes synchronously in
+  `connectedCallback` means the panel shows nothing until the loop
+  finishes. On slow silicon this is the difference between "instant"
+  and "did it crash?"
+- **No GPU bailout.** Desktop browsers offload scrolling and offscreen
+  layers to the GPU. Many panels do not. The cost is paid by the CPU,
+  on a single thread, while the same thread is also handling signal
+  traffic from the control system.
+
+The combination — fixed RAM budget, weak/no GPU, single thread shared
+with signal bus, the user's expectation that "panel = instant" — is
+why virtualisation is non-negotiable here, even though desktop apps
+regularly get away without it.
+
+---
+
+## What virtualisation means here, concretely
+
+A virtualised list keeps the DOM **small and roughly constant**
+regardless of `size`. Two patterns work:
+
+1. **Windowing.** Render only `visibleCount + buffer` rows. As the
+   user scrolls, recycle the off-screen rows: change their content +
+   key rather than destroying and creating. The DOM stays at ~20 nodes
+   whether the list has 100 items or 100,000.
+2. **Sliding viewport with spacers.** Two empty `<div>` spacers above
+   and below the rendered window simulate full scroll height. The
+   browser scrollbar feels correct; only the active window is real.
+
+For CH5 specifically the right answer is **windowing with recycling**,
+because:
+
+- Items are custom elements with their own state — destroying them on
+  every scroll is expensive (more than recycling).
+- Subpage-reference-list especially instantiates whole *subtrees* per
+  item — those should absolutely be recycled.
+
+The interface ends up looking roughly like:
+
+```ts
+class Ch5VirtualList {
+  private _windowSize: number;       // visible + buffer
+  private _pool: HTMLElement[];      // recycled item nodes
+  private _scrollOffset: number;
+  private _itemHeight: number;       // measured once
+
+  private renderWindow(startIndex: number) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < this._windowSize; i++) {
+      const node = this._pool[i];                 // reuse, don't recreate
+      this.bindItem(node, this.data[startIndex + i]);
+      node.style.transform =
+        `translateY(${(startIndex + i) * this._itemHeight}px)`;
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### What's hard about it
+
+The recycling itself is straightforward. The hard parts:
+
+1. **Variable item heights.** Templates that produce different-height
+   items break the fixed-stride assumption. Either constrain to
+   uniform heights, or maintain a measured-height map with binary
+   search.
+2. **Focus and selection.** Recycling a node that has focus or is
+   currently part of a gesture is a footgun. The windowing layer
+   needs to suspend recycling while a node is "live."
+3. **Signal subscriptions.** Each item's signal subscriptions need to
+   be **unbound on recycle, rebound to the new data** — otherwise the
+   recycled node fires the wrong handler. This is where the Phase 1
+   shared-observer work matters: the cleanup discipline already
+   installed is exactly the discipline a recycling list needs.
+4. **Behavioural parity.** Today's tests don't validate that "item at
+   index 547 has the right state when scrolled to" — because the DOM
+   has the answer trivially. Virtualisation breaks that assumption;
+   new tests are needed that prove **scroll → render → bind**
+   correctness.
+
+---
+
+## Why we didn't do it in Phase 1
+
+Phase 1 was scoped as "performance-focused quick wins" — and
+virtualisation is none of those things. A faithful virtualisation
+pass on the list family is a 2–4 week project:
+
+- Touches 4 large components, each 2K–3K LOC.
+- Requires behavioural tests for scroll/recycle correctness that don't
+  exist today (and which Phase 1's Jest harness was a prerequisite
+  for).
+- Touches gesture handling (swipe-to-scroll inertia, drag-to-reorder)
+  which is the most fragile part of these components.
+- Risks regressions in `ch5-subpage-reference-list`, which is widely
+  used in real customer projects.
+
+The Phase 1 shared observers, the leak fix, the Jest harness, the AST
+scanner — those are the *rails* virtualisation needs to land safely.
+Without them, a virtualisation refactor is a 2-month debugging session
+chasing mysterious leaks in production. With them, it's a contained
+2–4 week project with a clear "this passes its tests" definition of
+done.
+
+---
+
+## Proposed sequencing for Phase 2 / Phase 3
+
+Roughly in order:
+
+1. **Build a benchmark harness first.** A Jest test that asserts
+   "rendering `size=1000` produces ≤ K DOM nodes." Before any
+   virtualisation, this test fails on master and tells you exactly
+   how much you've shaved as you implement. Same pattern as the
+   regression guards already in `tests/jest/perf/`.
+
+2. **Build `Ch5VirtualList` as a new sibling component** — not a
+   refactor of `Ch5List`. Lets the pattern be proved end-to-end
+   without risking the existing surface. Behavioural tests live
+   alongside it.
+
+3. **Migrate the smallest list first** — probably `ch5-spinner`
+   (~1,800 LOC, fixed height, single column, narrow gesture surface).
+   Get that production-quality before touching anything bigger.
+
+4. **Then `ch5-list`**, with the existing component kept as
+   `Ch5ListLegacy` for one release while integrators migrate.
+
+5. **`ch5-button-list` and `ch5-subpage-reference-list` last** —
+   they're the most complex and benefit most from the patterns
+   already established by then.
+
+---
+
+## Pre-flight checklist before starting Phase 2
+
+These are the questions worth resolving with the team before any code
+gets written:
+
+- **Uniform vs variable item heights?** If we can constrain real-world
+  usage to uniform heights, the implementation is dramatically simpler
+  and faster. Audit existing customer projects to find out.
+- **What's the worst-case `size` we need to support gracefully?**
+  Defines the test target. 1k, 10k, 100k?
+- **Buffer size policy.** How many rows above/below the viewport
+  should be pre-rendered? Affects perceived smoothness vs. memory.
+- **Recycling vs full re-render on data change.** If `receiveStateData`
+  changes wholesale, do we recycle or rebuild? Recycling preserves
+  scroll position; rebuild is simpler.
+- **API surface compatibility.** Can we keep `<ch5-list>` exactly as
+  it is today and have it be virtualised internally? Or do we need a
+  new tag (`<ch5-list-virtual>`) and a migration window?
+- **Integration with the existing template system.** `processTemplate`
+  in `ch5-list-template.ts` runs per-item logic that may not be
+  recyclable as-is. What is its actual surface area?
+
+---
+
+## Related Phase 1 deliverables that this work depends on
+
+These are already in `research/upgrade-ch5-for-solid` and serve as
+the foundation:
+
+- `tests/jest/` — the Jest harness this work's tests will live in.
+- `tests/jest/_helpers/ts-call-finder.ts` — AST-level regression
+  guards. Useful for a guard like "no DOM node creation in a tight
+  loop without bounds."
+- `src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-mutation-observer.ts` and
+  `ch5-shared-resize-observer.ts` — observer pools. A virtualised
+  list with N recycled items needs the resize observer to be a pool;
+  otherwise the savings on item nodes are eaten by per-item
+  observers.
+- `src/ch5-common/ch5-common.ts` subscription-discipline pattern
+  (`_languageChangeSubKey` + `_baseClassSubscriptions[]`) — the
+  template for clean subscribe/unsubscribe lifecycles that recycling
+  requires.
+
+See `MIGRATION.md` for the full Phase 1 inventory.
diff --git a/MIGRATION.md b/MIGRATION.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4eba18290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MIGRATION.md
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+# CH5 SOLID Upgrade — Phase 1 Migration Notes
+
+Branch: `research/upgrade-ch5-for-solid`
+
+This document captures the changes shipped in Phase 1 of the SOLID
+upgrade. It is written for the engineering team — the same people who
+authored the library — so it focuses on what changed, *why*, what
+behaviour is preserved, and what the migration path looks like for
+future phases.
+
+---
+
+## What shipped in Phase 1
+
+| Change                                      | Surface                                   | Behaviour change | Test coverage |
+|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|------------------|---------------|
+| Jest harness alongside mocha + WCT          | `tests/jest/`, `jest.config.js`           | None (additive)  | n/a           |
+| 0.5 ms → 500 ms typo                        | `src/ch5-list/ch5-list.ts:508`            | Fixed regression | Yes (AST scan)|
+| Shared MutationObserver pool                | `src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-mutation-observer.ts` + facade refactor of `src/ch5-common/ch5-mutation-observer.ts` | None (facade preserved) | Yes (11 tests) |
+| Shared ResizeObserver pool                  | `src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-resize-observer.ts` + utility refactor of `src/ch5-core/resize-observer.ts` | Disposer now returned | Yes (9 tests) |
+| Direct ResizeObserver → pool migration      | `ch5-video-switcher`, `ch5-signal-level-gauge` | None (private fields) | Covered by pool tests |
+| Language-change subscription leak fix       | `src/ch5-common/ch5-common.ts`            | Leak resolved    | Yes (4 tests) |
+| Color-picker silent-catch fix               | `src/ch5-color-picker/color-picker.ts`    | Now logs failures | Yes (2 tests) |
+| eslint: `no-explicit-any`, `no-console` → warn | `.eslintrc`                            | Warnings only    | n/a           |
+| Dead tslint script removed                  | `package.json`                            | n/a              | n/a           |
+
+Total: **31 Jest tests pass, 0 fail.** Library still type-checks
+under `tsconfig.umd.json` (two pre-existing missing-module errors in
+`src/_interfaces/index.ts` predate this branch and are out of scope).
+
+---
+
+## How to run the new test harness
+
+```bash
+npm run test:jest            # one-shot
+npm run test:jest:watch      # watch mode while iterating
+npm run test:jest:coverage   # with coverage report
+```
+
+The existing mocha (`npm run test:mocha`) and WCT (`npm run test:wct`)
+suites are untouched. Jest tests live in `tests/jest/**/*.test.ts` and
+do **not** pick up the existing `src/**/*.spec.ts` mocha files —
+`testPathIgnorePatterns` in `jest.config.js` excludes them.
+
+---
+
+## The new observer pools
+
+### Ch5SharedMutationObserver
+
+```ts
+import { Ch5SharedMutationObserver } from 'ch5-core/ch5-shared-mutation-observer';
+
+const dispose = Ch5SharedMutationObserver
+  .getInstance()
+  .observe(target, config, (node, mutation) => { /* … */ });
+
+// later — in disconnectedCallback or removeEventListeners
+shared.unobserve(target);
+// (the existing Ch5MutationObserver facade does this internally)
+```
+
+**Existing call sites need not change.** `Ch5MutationObserver` is now a
+thin facade over the pool: `new Ch5MutationObserver(component)` still
+works exactly as before, but all instances now share ONE underlying
+browser MutationObserver. Verified by `tests/jest/perf/mutation-observer-facade.test.ts`.
+
+### Ch5SharedResizeObserver
+
+```ts
+import { Ch5SharedResizeObserver } from 'ch5-core/ch5-shared-resize-observer';
+
+const dispose = Ch5SharedResizeObserver
+  .getInstance()
+  .observe(target, (target, entry) => { /* … */ });
+
+// later
+dispose();
+```
+
+The legacy `resizeObserver(node, callback)` utility in
+`src/ch5-core/resize-observer.ts` now delegates to the pool **and**
+returns a disposer. Older callers that ignore the return value still
+work and still benefit from pooling. The two direct
+`new ResizeObserver(...)` users (`ch5-video-switcher`,
+`ch5-signal-level-gauge`) are migrated to the pool.
+
+### Why this matters
+
+Before: N components meant N browser-level observers — each carrying a
+callback closure, each firing on every relevant mutation/resize on its
+own targets, each leaking if `disconnect()` wasn't called.
+
+After: one shared observer per type, regardless of N. On a panel
+running 50 components with the previous patterns, this drops 50
+MutationObservers to 1.
+
+---
+
+## What you should know about the leak fix in `Ch5Common`
+
+```ts
+// new fields
+private _languageChangeSubKey: string = '';        // bridge subscription key
+private _baseClassSubscriptions: Subscription[] = []; // raw RxJS subs
+
+// new in unsubscribeFromSignals()
+if (this._languageChangeSubKey !== '') {
+  const langSig = Ch5SignalFactory.getInstance()
+    .getStringSignal(languageChangedSignalName);
+  if (langSig !== null) langSig.unsubscribe(this._languageChangeSubKey);
+  this._languageChangeSubKey = '';
+}
+for (let i = 0; i < this._baseClassSubscriptions.length; i++) {
+  this._baseClassSubscriptions[i].unsubscribe();
+}
+this._baseClassSubscriptions = [];
+```
+
+Two patterns, **don't mix them**:
+
+- **Bridge-mediated** subscriptions (anything via `Ch5Signal.subscribe`)
+  return a string key. Track the key + the signal name, release with
+  `signal.unsubscribe(key)`.
+- **Raw RxJS** subscriptions (e.g. on a `Subject` directly) return an
+  rxjs `Subscription`. Push it onto `_baseClassSubscriptions` to have it
+  released automatically in `unsubscribeFromSignals()`.
+
+Subclasses that override `unsubscribeFromSignals()` must call
+`super.unsubscribeFromSignals()` — same as today.
+
+---
+
+## Regression guards baked into the test suite
+
+These tests fail if the patterns they protect are re-introduced. They
+serve as living documentation of the invariants this PR establishes.
+
+- `tests/jest/perf/short-timeout.test.ts` — no `setTimeout/setInterval`
+  with delay in `(0, 16)` ms.
+- `tests/jest/perf/shared-mutation-observer.test.ts` —
+  N targets → 1 underlying observer.
+- `tests/jest/perf/mutation-observer-facade.test.ts` — 50 facade
+  instances → 1 browser MutationObserver; cleanup is idempotent.
+- `tests/jest/perf/shared-resize-observer.test.ts` — pool invariants;
+  legacy utility routes through the pool; disposer behaviour.
+- `tests/jest/leaks/language-subscription.test.ts` — base-class subs
+  are released; the `_keepListeningOnSignalsAfterRemoval` flag does
+  not pin the language sub.
+- `tests/jest/leaks/color-picker-silent-catch.test.ts` — init failures
+  emit a warning instead of being swallowed.
+
+### Test isolation requirement
+
+Tests that touch either pool **must** call the `_resetForTesting()` static
+in `beforeEach`/`afterEach` to clear singleton state and (for the resize
+pool) install/restore the JSDOM `ResizeObserver` shim. See the existing
+tests for the template.
+
+### Adding a new regression guard
+
+For structural / source-text guards, use the AST helper:
+
+```ts
+import { findCalls, isCalleeNamed, getNumericLiteralArg, formatHits }
+  from '../_helpers/ts-call-finder';
+
+const hits = findCalls(call =>
+  isCalleeNamed(call, 'doSuspiciousThing') &&
+  /* … additional predicates … */
+);
+if (hits.length) throw new Error(`…\n${formatHits(hits)}`);
+```
+
+For runtime / behavioural guards, write a normal Jest test using JSDOM
+plus the helpers in `tests/jest/_helpers/`.
+
+---
+
+## Explicitly out of scope for Phase 1
+
+These appeared in the architecture review's recommendation list but
+were *not* shipped in Phase 1. They are deferred to later phases per
+the agreed scope. Doing them now without the test coverage they need
+would have done more harm than good.
+
+| Recommendation                                  | Why deferred                                                                                                                                 |
+|-------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Unify `Ch5Common` and `Ch5BaseClass`            | Touches 47 component subclasses; needs the behavioural test backfill that is itself Phase 2 work.                                            |
+| Virtualise the list family                      | A multi-week refactor of `ch5-list`, `ch5-spinner`, `ch5-button-list`, `ch5-subpage-reference-list`. Plan separately.                        |
+| Replace `@raghavendradabbir/mycolorpicker`      | Requires sourcing a replacement and integration testing the picker UI. The silent-catch fix in this PR at least stops hiding init failures.  |
+| Upgrade `swiper` 7 → 13, `hammerjs` → Pointer Events, `i18next` → 24, `ts-loader` → 9 | Each is a contained but real migration. Stage as a separate dependency-refresh PR.                                                           |
+| Delete `bower.json` + one of the lockfiles      | Bower is still referenced by every `wct_tests/**/*.html` file. Removing it requires the WCT suite to be migrated first. yarn.lock is benign. |
+| Backfill the ~70 stray `console.log` calls      | The eslint rule is now `warn`. Migrating to the existing `Ch5Logger` per file is a follow-up sweep.                                          |
+| Pre-existing TS errors in `src/_interfaces/index.ts` | References to two `i-ch5-media-player-*-documentation` files that have never existed. Out of scope; predates this branch.                |
+
+---
+
+## Planned Phase 2 (maintainability focus)
+
+Per the agreed split, Phase 2 will tackle maintainability:
+
+1. Decompose `Ch5Common` into mixins / services (visibility, gestures,
+   signals, i18n) using the existing test scaffolding plus the new
+   Jest harness.
+2. Pick one base class and stage the migration. The Phase 1 leak fix
+   was deliberately written to be portable to either base.
+3. Introduce the declarative attribute schema utility, applied to one
+   or two small components as a proof point.
+4. Migrate stray `console.log` to `Ch5Logger`; flip the eslint rule
+   from `warn` to `error`.
+
+Phase 3 will tackle the dependency refresh and list virtualisation.
+
+---
+
+## Reviewer's note
+
+The discipline this PR tries to establish:
+
+- **Every bug fix gets a test that fails without the fix.** The 0.5ms
+  typo, the silent catch, the leak — all have proof tests, not just
+  "trust me, this is better."
+- **Every new infrastructure piece gets a pool/contract test.** The
+  shared observers each have full test coverage independent of the
+  facade refactor.
+- **Static regression guards beat one-time fixes.** A passing
+  `short-timeout.test.ts` is more durable than just changing one line.
+
+The aim isn't to retro-test the whole library in one PR. It is to make
+each future change cheaper than the last by leaving the right rails
+behind.
diff --git a/jest.config.js b/jest.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fce480d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jest.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * Jest harness for the SOLID-upgrade research branch.
+ *
+ * Lives ALONGSIDE the existing mocha (.spec.ts) and WCT (HTML) suites.
+ * New behavioural / before-after tests for this branch go in tests/jest/.
+ * Run with: npm run test:jest
+ */
+module.exports = {
+  rootDir: '.',
+  preset: 'ts-jest',
+  testEnvironment: 'jsdom',
+  testMatch: ['<rootDir>/tests/jest/**/*.test.ts'],
+  moduleFileExtensions: ['ts', 'tsx', 'js', 'jsx', 'json'],
+  transform: {
+    '^.+\\.tsx?$': ['ts-jest', { tsconfig: '<rootDir>/tsconfig.jest.json' }],
+  },
+  collectCoverageFrom: [
+    'src/**/*.ts',
+    '!src/**/*.spec.ts',
+    '!src/**/interfaces/**',
+    '!src/**/types/**',
+    '!src/typings/**',
+    '!src/_interfaces/**',
+  ],
+  coverageDirectory: '<rootDir>/coverage/jest',
+  // Existing mocha specs use chai globals; do NOT pick them up.
+  testPathIgnorePatterns: ['/node_modules/', '\\.spec\\.ts$'],
+  // The lib's existing tsconfig targets ES5, but tests run in node — allow modern JS.
+  // ts-jest handles transpilation via the tsconfig.jest.json above.
+  verbose: false,
+};
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index fa2cb628a..312326f53 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
     "name": "@crestron/ch5-crcomlib",
-    "version": "2.17.0",
+    "version": "2.17.2",
     "lockfileVersion": 3,
     "requires": true,
     "packages": {
         "": {
             "name": "@crestron/ch5-crcomlib",
-            "version": "2.17.0",
+            "version": "2.17.2",
             "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE.txt",
             "dependencies": {
                 "@raghavendradabbir/mycolorpicker": "^1.0.0",
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
                 "@types/fs-extra": "^11.0.2",
                 "@types/hammerjs": "^2.0.40",
                 "@types/i18next": "^13.0.0",
+                "@types/jest": "^29.5.14",
                 "@types/jsdom": "^16.2.13",
                 "@types/lodash-es": "^4.17.4",
                 "@types/lodash.throttle": "^4.1.6",
@@ -45,6 +46,8 @@
                 "cross-env": "^7.0.3",
                 "dotenv-webpack": "^7.1.0",
                 "eslint": "^8.49.0",
+                "jest": "^29.7.0",
+                "jest-environment-jsdom": "^29.7.0",
                 "jsdom": "^16.7.0",
                 "jsdom-global": "3.0.2",
                 "local-web-server": "^5.3.1",
@@ -53,6 +56,7 @@
                 "npm-run-all": "^4.1.5",
                 "nyc": "^15.1.0",
                 "rimraf": "^3.0.2",
+                "ts-jest": "^29.4.10",
                 "ts-loader": "4.3.0",
                 "typedoc": "0.25.2",
                 "typescript": "^5.1.6",
@@ -249,6 +253,16 @@
                 "@babel/core": "^7.0.0"
             }
         },
+        "node_modules/@babel/helper-plugin-utils": {
+            "version": "7.28.6",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-plugin-utils/-/helper-plugin-utils-7.28.6.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-S9gzZ/bz83GRysI7gAD4wPT/AI3uCnY+9xn+Mx/KPs2JwHJIz1W8PZkg2cqyt3RNOBM8ejcXhV6y8Og7ly/Dug==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "engines": {
+                "node": ">=6.9.0"
+            }
+        },
         "node_modules/@babel/helper-string-parser": {
             "version": "7.27.1",
             "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-string-parser/-/helper-string-parser-7.27.1.tgz",
@@ -305,6 +319,245 @@
                 "node": ">=6.0.0"
             }
         },
+        "node_modules/@babel/plugin-syntax-async-generators": {
+            "version": "7.8.4",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/plugin-syntax-async-generators/-/plugin-syntax-async-generators-7.8.4.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-tycmZxkGfZaxhMRbXlPXuVFpdWlXpir2W4AMhSJgRKzk/eDlIXOhb2LHWoLpDF7TEHylV5zNhykX6KAgHJmTNw==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@babel/helper-plugin-utils": "^7.8.0"
+            },
+            "peerDependencies": {
+                "@babel/core": "^7.0.0-0"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@babel/plugin-syntax-bigint": {
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+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/plugin-syntax-bigint/-/plugin-syntax-bigint-7.8.3.tgz",
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+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/v8-to-istanbul/-/v8-to-istanbul-9.3.0.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-kiGUalWN+rgBJ/1OHZsBtU4rXZOfj/7rKQxULKlIzwzQSvMJUUNgPwJEEh7gU6xEVxC0ahoOBvN2YI8GH6FNgA==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "ISC",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.12",
+                "@types/istanbul-lib-coverage": "^2.0.1",
+                "convert-source-map": "^2.0.0"
+            },
+            "engines": {
+                "node": ">=10.12.0"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/v8-to-istanbul/node_modules/convert-source-map": {
+            "version": "2.0.0",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/convert-source-map/-/convert-source-map-2.0.0.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-Kvp459HrV2FEJ1CAsi1Ku+MY3kasH19TFykTz2xWmMeq6bk2NU3XXvfJ+Q61m0xktWwt+1HSYf3JZsTms3aRJg==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "MIT"
+        },
         "node_modules/validate-npm-package-license": {
             "version": "3.0.4",
             "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/validate-npm-package-license/-/validate-npm-package-license-3.0.4.tgz",
@@ -10471,6 +12992,16 @@
                 "node": ">=12.17"
             }
         },
+        "node_modules/walker": {
+            "version": "1.0.8",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/walker/-/walker-1.0.8.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-ts/8E8l5b7kY0vlWLewOkDXMmPdLcVV4GmOQLyxuSswIJsweeFZtAsMF7k1Nszz+TYBQrlYRmzOnr398y1JemQ==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "Apache-2.0",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "makeerror": "1.0.12"
+            }
+        },
         "node_modules/watchpack": {
             "version": "2.4.0",
             "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/watchpack/-/watchpack-2.4.0.tgz",
@@ -10780,6 +13311,13 @@
             "integrity": "sha512-CC1bOL87PIWSBhDcTrdeLo6eGT7mCFtrg0uIJtqJUFyK+eJnzl8A1niH56uu7KMa5XFrtiV+AQuHO3n7DsHnLQ==",
             "dev": true
         },
+        "node_modules/wordwrap": {
+            "version": "1.0.0",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wordwrap/-/wordwrap-1.0.0.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-gvVzJFlPycKc5dZN4yPkP8w7Dc37BtP1yczEneOb4uq34pXZcvrtRTmWV8W+Ume+XCxKgbjM+nevkyFPMybd4Q==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "MIT"
+        },
         "node_modules/wordwrapjs": {
             "version": "4.0.1",
             "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wordwrapjs/-/wordwrapjs-4.0.1.tgz",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 4d214ef28..c912db669 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -50,11 +50,13 @@
         "compile:ts:umd": "tsc -p tsconfig.umd.json", 
         "doc": "npm-run-all clean:docs && npm-run-all doc:*", 
         "doc:html": "typedoc --target ES6 --mode file --hideGenerator --tsconfig tsconfig.cjs.json --out docs/html src/ ", 
-        "doc:json": "typedoc --target ES6 --mode file --hideGenerator --tsconfig tsconfig.cjs.json --json docs/json/typedoc.json src/ ", 
-        "lint": "tslint --project tsconfig.cjs.json", 
-        "prebuild": "npm-run-all clean:*", 
-        "test:mocha": "npm-run-all clean:compiled && tsc -p tsconfig.umd.json --target ES6 && nyc mocha --reporter mochawesome --exit", 
-        "test:wct": "ws -o", 
+        "doc:json": "typedoc --target ES6 --mode file --hideGenerator --tsconfig tsconfig.cjs.json --json docs/json/typedoc.json src/ ",
+        "prebuild": "npm-run-all clean:*",
+        "test:mocha": "npm-run-all clean:compiled && tsc -p tsconfig.umd.json --target ES6 && nyc mocha --reporter mochawesome --exit",
+        "test:jest": "jest --config jest.config.js",
+        "test:jest:watch": "jest --config jest.config.js --watch",
+        "test:jest:coverage": "jest --config jest.config.js --coverage",
+        "test:wct": "ws -o",
         "wct:report": "echo '\ud83d\ude80 Starting server and opening test page...' && (ws > /dev/null 2>&1 &) && sleep 3 && open http://localhost:8000/wct_tests/run-all-with-report.html && echo '\u2705 Page opened! Wait for tests to complete, then click the green button to download report.'", 
         "eslint": "eslint . --ext .ts"
     }, 
@@ -77,7 +79,8 @@
         "@types/fs-extra": "^11.0.2", 
         "@types/hammerjs": "^2.0.40", 
         "@types/i18next": "^13.0.0", 
-        "@types/jsdom": "^16.2.13", 
+        "@types/jest": "^29.5.12",
+        "@types/jsdom": "^16.2.13",
         "@types/lodash-es": "^4.17.4", 
         "@types/lodash.throttle": "^4.1.6", 
         "@types/mocha": "7.0.2", 
@@ -97,15 +100,18 @@
         "cross-env": "^7.0.3", 
         "dotenv-webpack": "^7.1.0", 
         "eslint": "^8.49.0", 
-        "jsdom": "^16.7.0", 
-        "jsdom-global": "3.0.2", 
+        "jest": "^29.7.0",
+        "jest-environment-jsdom": "^29.7.0",
+        "jsdom": "^16.7.0",
+        "jsdom-global": "3.0.2",
         "local-web-server": "^5.3.1", 
         "mocha": "^9.0.3", 
         "mochawesome": "^7.1.3", 
         "npm-run-all": "^4.1.5", 
         "nyc": "^15.1.0", 
-        "rimraf": "^3.0.2", 
-        "ts-loader": "4.3.0", 
+        "rimraf": "^3.0.2",
+        "ts-jest": "^29.1.2",
+        "ts-loader": "4.3.0",
         "typedoc": "0.25.2", 
         "typescript": "^5.1.6", 
         "url-loader": "^4.1.1", 
diff --git a/src/ch5-color-picker/color-picker.ts b/src/ch5-color-picker/color-picker.ts
index 836c6c3a3..bfa4452d6 100644
--- a/src/ch5-color-picker/color-picker.ts
+++ b/src/ch5-color-picker/color-picker.ts
@@ -2,57 +2,80 @@ import * as mycolorpicker from "@raghavendradabbir/mycolorpicker";
 import { Subject } from "rxjs";
 import Ch5ColorUtils from "../ch5-common/utils/ch5-color-utils";
 
+const LOG_PREFIX = "[ch5-color-picker]";
+
 export class ColorPicker {
 
-  private joe: any = null;
+  /**
+   * Underlying third-party picker instance. Typed as `any` because the
+   * upstream `@raghavendradabbir/mycolorpicker` package ships no type
+   * declarations. (Replacing this dependency with a maintained color
+   * picker is tracked separately.)
+   */
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  private _picker: any = null;
 
   /**
    * An RxJs observable for the colorChanged property.
    */
   public colorChanged: Subject<number[]>;
 
+  /**
+   * True iff the underlying picker was successfully initialised. False
+   * here means `setColor()` and `picker` are non-functional — UI should
+   * surface that rather than ignoring user input silently.
+   */
+  public get isReady(): boolean {
+    return this._picker !== null;
+  }
+
   constructor(public pickerId: string, newColor: string) {
     this.colorChanged = new Subject<number[]>();
     try {
-      // 'currentColor',
-      // 'hex'
-      this.joe = mycolorpicker.hsl(this.pickerId, newColor, [
-      ]).on('change', (c: any) => {
-        // const complement = this.invertHex(c.hex());
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+      this._picker = mycolorpicker.hsl(this.pickerId, newColor, []).on('change', (c: any) => {
         const thisColorDiv = document.getElementById(this.pickerId);
         if (thisColorDiv) {
-          const queryObj = thisColorDiv.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('.oned')[0].querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('.shape')[0];
-          queryObj.style.backgroundColor = "#d8d8d8"; // c.css();
-          queryObj.style.borderColor = "#696969"; // complement;
+          const queryObj = thisColorDiv.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('.oned')[0]?.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('.shape')[0];
+          if (queryObj) {
+            queryObj.style.backgroundColor = "#d8d8d8";
+            queryObj.style.borderColor = "#696969";
+          }
           const extrasObject = thisColorDiv.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('.extras')[0];
-          extrasObject.style.display = "none";
+          if (extrasObject) extrasObject.style.display = "none";
         }
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
         const colorObj: any = Ch5ColorUtils.rgbToObj(c.css());
         this.colorChanged?.next([colorObj.red, colorObj.green, colorObj.blue]);
       }).update();
-      
-      // this.joe.set =  (c: any) => {
-      //   console.log("C", c);
-      // }
     } catch (e) {
-      // Do Nothing
+      // Surface the failure. Historical behaviour silently left _picker = null,
+      // which made setColor() a no-op and produced no UI feedback. Logging here
+      // gives QA and field engineers something to grep for when the picker
+      // doesn't render.
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+      console.warn(`${LOG_PREFIX} failed to initialise picker for id="${this.pickerId}":`, e);
     }
   }
 
-  private invertHex(hex: string) {
-    return '#' + hex.match(/[a-f0-9]{2}/ig)?.map(e => (255 - parseInt(e, 16) || 0).toString(16).replace(/^([a-f0-9])$/, '0$1')).join(''); // (Number(`0x1${hex}`) ^ 0xFFFFFF).toString(16).substr(1).toUpperCase()
-  }
-
-  public setColor(newColor: string) {
+  public setColor(newColor: string): boolean {
+    if (this._picker === null) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+      console.warn(`${LOG_PREFIX} setColor() called on uninitialised picker id="${this.pickerId}"; ignoring`);
+      return false;
+    }
     try {
-      this.joe.set(newColor);
+      this._picker.set(newColor);
+      return true;
     } catch (e) {
-      // Do Nothing
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+      console.warn(`${LOG_PREFIX} setColor("${newColor}") threw on picker id="${this.pickerId}":`, e);
+      return false;
     }
   }
 
   public get picker() {
-    return this.joe;
+    return this._picker;
   }
 
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/ch5-common/ch5-common.ts b/src/ch5-common/ch5-common.ts
index 1c26783a5..1f7fe3747 100644
--- a/src/ch5-common/ch5-common.ts
+++ b/src/ch5-common/ch5-common.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 // under which you licensed this source code.
 
 import { Ch5Signal, Ch5SignalFactory, Ch5TranslationUtility, Ch5Uid, languageChangedSignalName, subscribeInViewPortChange, Ch5Platform, ICh5PlatformInfo, publishEvent } from '../ch5-core';
-import { Subject } from 'rxjs';
+import { Subject, Subscription } from 'rxjs';
 import { Ch5Config } from './ch5-config';
 import { Ch5MutationObserver } from './ch5-mutation-observer';
 import { Ch5ImageUriModel } from "../ch5-image/ch5-image-uri-model";
@@ -363,6 +363,24 @@ export class Ch5Common extends HTMLElement implements ICh5CommonAttributes {
 
 	private _commonMutationObserver: Ch5MutationObserver = {} as Ch5MutationObserver;
 
+	/**
+	 * Subscription key for the base-class language-change subscription
+	 * taken in the constructor. Tracked so it can be unsubscribed in
+	 * `unsubscribeFromSignals()` — the historical implementation called
+	 * `receiveSignal.subscribe(...)` and dropped the returned key on the
+	 * floor, so the subscription closure (which captures `this`) kept the
+	 * component pinned in memory for the lifetime of the page.
+	 */
+	private _languageChangeSubKey: string = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Drain list for any non-bridge RxJS subscriptions (Subjects, etc.)
+	 * a subclass or future base method needs to register. Bridge-mediated
+	 * Ch5Signal subscriptions use the `_subKeySig…` + signal-name pattern
+	 * instead — see clearStringSignalSubscription() and friends.
+	 */
+	private _baseClassSubscriptions: Subscription[] = [];
+
 	//#endregion
 
 	//#region Setters and Getters
@@ -747,13 +765,18 @@ export class Ch5Common extends HTMLElement implements ICh5CommonAttributes {
 		this._listOfAllPossibleComponentCssClasses = cssClasses;
 		this.observableGestureableProperty = new Subject<boolean>();
 
+		// `getStringSignal()` defaults to createNewIfNotFound = true, so the
+		// returned signal is effectively non-null in production. The null
+		// guard below is defensive — and `unsubscribeFromSignals()` re-fetches
+		// the signal with the same defaults, so the unsubscribe is symmetrical
+		// even if a future change tightens factory behaviour.
 		const receiveSignal = Ch5SignalFactory.getInstance().getStringSignal(languageChangedSignalName);
 
 		if (receiveSignal === null) {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		receiveSignal.subscribe((newValue: string) => {
+		this._languageChangeSubKey = receiveSignal.subscribe((newValue: string) => {
 			if (newValue !== '' && newValue !== this.currentLanguage) {
 				this.currentLanguage = newValue;
 				Object.keys(this.translatableObjects).forEach((propertyToTranslate: string) => {
@@ -1710,6 +1733,22 @@ export class Ch5Common extends HTMLElement implements ICh5CommonAttributes {
 			this.clearStringSignalSubscription(this._receiveStateCustomClass, this._subKeySigReceiveCustomClass);
 			this._receiveStateCustomClass = '';
 		}
+		// Always release base-class subscriptions, even when
+		// _keepListeningOnSignalsAfterRemoval is true — that flag protects
+		// receive-state bridge subscriptions used for re-attachment, but the
+		// language-change subscription holds a closure over `this` and would
+		// pin the component in memory after removal.
+		if (this._languageChangeSubKey !== '') {
+			const langSig = Ch5SignalFactory.getInstance().getStringSignal(languageChangedSignalName);
+			if (langSig !== null) {
+				langSig.unsubscribe(this._languageChangeSubKey);
+			}
+			this._languageChangeSubKey = '';
+		}
+		for (let i = 0; i < this._baseClassSubscriptions.length; i++) {
+			this._baseClassSubscriptions[i].unsubscribe();
+		}
+		this._baseClassSubscriptions = [];
 	}
 
 	// Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked, will not be triggered. 
diff --git a/src/ch5-common/ch5-mutation-observer.ts b/src/ch5-common/ch5-mutation-observer.ts
index a5b6df416..82630af33 100644
--- a/src/ch5-common/ch5-mutation-observer.ts
+++ b/src/ch5-common/ch5-mutation-observer.ts
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 // Use of this source code is subject to the terms of the Crestron Software License Agreement
 // under which you licensed this source code.
 
-// import { Ch5Base } from "../ch5-base/ch5-base";
 import { Ch5BaseClass } from "../ch5-base/ch5-base-class";
 import { Ch5Common } from "./ch5-common";
+import { Ch5SharedMutationObserver } from "../ch5-core/ch5-shared-mutation-observer";
 import _ from "lodash";
 
 export interface IShowStyle {
@@ -15,25 +15,34 @@ export interface IShowStyle {
     opacity: string;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Per-component facade over the singleton MutationObserver pool.
+ *
+ * Historically this class constructed one browser-level MutationObserver
+ * per component, producing N observers for N components. It now delegates
+ * to {@link Ch5SharedMutationObserver} — a singleton that watches every
+ * registered target through ONE underlying observer.
+ *
+ * The public API (constructor, observe, disconnectObserver, isConnected,
+ * static checkElementValidity, static ELEMENTS_MO_EXCEPTION) is preserved
+ * so the 30+ existing call sites do not need to change.
+ */
 export class Ch5MutationObserver {
 
-    /**
-     * The containing components will not be observed by MutationObserver
-     * @type {string[]}
-     */
     public static ELEMENTS_MO_EXCEPTION = ['swiper-wrapper'];
 
+    private static readonly _MUTATION_CONFIG: MutationObserverInit = {
+        attributes: true,
+        attributeOldValue: true,
+        childList: false,
+        subtree: false,
+        attributeFilter: ['style', 'inert'],
+    };
+
     public isConnected = false;
-    private _mutationsObserver: MutationObserver;
-    private _mutationsObserverConfig: object;
     private _element: Ch5Common | Ch5BaseClass = {} as Ch5Common | Ch5BaseClass;
+    private _observedTargets: Node[] = [];
 
-    /**
-     * Check the element validity to be observed by Mutation Observer
-     *
-     * @param {HTMLElement} target
-     * @return {boolean}
-     */
     public static checkElementValidity(target: HTMLElement): boolean {
         return (
             !_.isNil(target) &&
@@ -48,42 +57,27 @@ export class Ch5MutationObserver {
 
     constructor(element: Ch5Common | Ch5BaseClass) {
         this._element = element;
-
-        this._mutationsObserver = new MutationObserver((mutations) => {
-            mutations.forEach((mutation) => {
-                if (mutation.type === 'attributes' && (mutation.attributeName === 'style' || mutation.attributeName === 'inert')) {
-                    this._updateComponentVisibility(mutation.target);
-                }
-            });
-        });
-
-        this._mutationsObserverConfig = {
-            attributes: true, // attribute changes will be observed | on add/remove/change attributes
-            attributeOldValue: true, // will show oldValue of attribute | on add/remove/change attributes | default: null
-            childList: false, // target children will be observed | on add/remove
-            subtree: false, // target children will be observed | on attributes/characterData changes if they observed on target
-            attributeFilter: ['style', 'inert'] // filter for attributes | array of attributes that should be observed
-        };
     }
 
     public observe(target: Node) {
-        this._mutationsObserver.observe(target, this._mutationsObserverConfig);
+        Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance().observe(
+            target,
+            Ch5MutationObserver._MUTATION_CONFIG,
+            (node) => this._updateComponentVisibility(node),
+        );
+        this._observedTargets.push(target);
     }
 
     public disconnectObserver() {
-        if (this._mutationsObserver instanceof MutationObserver) {
-            this.isConnected = false;
-            this._mutationsObserver.disconnect();
+        if (this._observedTargets.length === 0) return;
+        this.isConnected = false;
+        const shared = Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance();
+        for (const target of this._observedTargets) {
+            shared.unobserve(target);
         }
+        this._observedTargets = [];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Check for node children of containing ch5 components and perform related visibility operation
-     *
-     * @private
-     * @param {Node} node
-     * @memberof Ch5MutationObserver
-     */
     private _updateComponentVisibility(node: Node) {
         const htmlElement = node as HTMLElement;
         if (_.isNil(htmlElement.offsetParent)) {
diff --git a/src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-mutation-observer.ts b/src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-mutation-observer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63cc0e720
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-mutation-observer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2018 to the present, Crestron Electronics, Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// No part of this software may be reproduced in any form, machine
+// or natural, without the express written consent of Crestron Electronics.
+// Use of this source code is subject to the terms of the Crestron Software License Agreement
+// under which you licensed this source code.
+
+/**
+ * Per-target mutation callback. `mutation` is the raw MutationRecord that
+ * triggered dispatch, so callers can inspect attributeName, oldValue, etc.
+ */
+export type Ch5SharedMutationCallback = (target: Node, mutation: MutationRecord) => void;
+
+interface Entry {
+  config: MutationObserverInit;
+  callback: Ch5SharedMutationCallback;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Singleton MutationObserver pool.
+ *
+ * Why this exists: the original Ch5MutationObserver class created one
+ * browser-level MutationObserver per component instance. On a panel running
+ * 50+ components, that's 50+ observer callbacks firing on every relevant
+ * mutation. This class collapses that to a single underlying observer that
+ * dispatches to per-target callbacks.
+ *
+ * Model: one `MutationObserver` instance watches every registered target.
+ * Each target stores its own config + callback. Mutations are routed to
+ * the callback whose registered target is `mutation.target` OR an
+ * ancestor of it. Ancestor matching is what makes `subtree: true`
+ * configurations work correctly — the browser reports the deepest
+ * affected node, but the caller registered an ancestor.
+ *
+ * `unobserve(target)` removes that target without disturbing the others —
+ * MutationObserver itself has no per-target unobserve API, so we
+ * re-build the observation set whenever a target leaves.
+ *
+ * Lifecycle: the underlying observer is created lazily on the first
+ * `observe()` call. It is disposed when the last target is removed; the
+ * next `observe()` will recreate it.
+ *
+ * Concurrency: not relevant — the DOM API is single-threaded.
+ */
+export class Ch5SharedMutationObserver {
+  private static _instance: Ch5SharedMutationObserver | null = null;
+
+  private _observer: MutationObserver | null = null;
+  private readonly _entries = new Map<Node, Entry>();
+
+  // Test hook: number of underlying MutationObservers (0 or 1).
+  // Real callers never need this; tests use it to prove pool invariants.
+  public get _underlyingObserverCount(): number {
+    return this._observer ? 1 : 0;
+  }
+
+  public static getInstance(): Ch5SharedMutationObserver {
+    if (!Ch5SharedMutationObserver._instance) {
+      Ch5SharedMutationObserver._instance = new Ch5SharedMutationObserver();
+    }
+    return Ch5SharedMutationObserver._instance;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test hook — drops the singleton and disconnects the underlying observer.
+   * Production code never calls this; tests use it to isolate state.
+   */
+  public static _resetForTesting(): void {
+    if (Ch5SharedMutationObserver._instance) {
+      Ch5SharedMutationObserver._instance._teardown();
+    }
+    Ch5SharedMutationObserver._instance = null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Begin observing `target` with `config`. The callback fires for every
+   * mutation that matches `config`. Calling `observe()` again for the same
+   * target replaces the previous callback/config.
+   */
+  public observe(target: Node, config: MutationObserverInit, callback: Ch5SharedMutationCallback): void {
+    if (target == null) return;
+    this._entries.set(target, { config, callback });
+    if (!this._observer) {
+      this._observer = new MutationObserver((mutations) => this._dispatch(mutations));
+    }
+    this._observer.observe(target, config);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Stop observing `target`. Other targets remain observed.
+   *
+   * Note: MutationObserver has no per-target unobserve. We `disconnect()`
+   * the underlying observer and re-`observe()` every remaining target
+   * under its original config. For typical CH5 usage (<100 components)
+   * this is cheap and only runs on disconnect, not every mutation.
+   */
+  public unobserve(target: Node): void {
+    if (target == null) return;
+    if (!this._entries.delete(target)) return;
+    if (!this._observer) return;
+    if (this._entries.size === 0) {
+      this._teardown();
+      return;
+    }
+    this._observer.disconnect();
+    const obs = this._observer;
+    this._entries.forEach((entry, node) => {
+      obs.observe(node, entry.config);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Diagnostics — number of currently observed targets. */
+  public size(): number {
+    return this._entries.size;
+  }
+
+  /** True iff `target` is currently registered. */
+  public isObserving(target: Node): boolean {
+    return this._entries.has(target);
+  }
+
+  private _dispatch(mutations: MutationRecord[]): void {
+    for (const m of mutations) {
+      // First try the exact target. Fast path: subtree:false callers and
+      // subtree:true callers where the mutation happens to land on the
+      // registered ancestor itself.
+      const direct = this._entries.get(m.target);
+      if (direct) {
+        direct.callback(m.target, m);
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Walk up the ancestor chain. This is what makes subtree:true work
+      // correctly under the pool — the browser reports the deepest node,
+      // but the caller observed an ancestor.
+      let node: Node | null = m.target.parentNode;
+      while (node !== null) {
+        const entry = this._entries.get(node);
+        if (entry) {
+          entry.callback(node, m);
+          break;
+        }
+        node = node.parentNode;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private _teardown(): void {
+    if (this._observer) {
+      this._observer.disconnect();
+      this._observer = null;
+    }
+    this._entries.clear();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-resize-observer.ts b/src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-resize-observer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f90b8b76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-resize-observer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2018 to the present, Crestron Electronics, Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// No part of this software may be reproduced in any form, machine
+// or natural, without the express written consent of Crestron Electronics.
+// Use of this source code is subject to the terms of the Crestron Software License Agreement
+// under which you licensed this source code.
+
+/**
+ * Per-target resize callback. `entry` is the raw ResizeObserverEntry.
+ */
+export type Ch5SharedResizeCallback = (target: Element, entry: ResizeObserverEntry) => void;
+
+/**
+ * Singleton ResizeObserver pool.
+ *
+ * Why this exists: callers previously did `new ResizeObserver(cb)` per
+ * component (or worse, called a fire-and-forget helper that leaked one
+ * ResizeObserver per call with no way to disconnect). On a panel with N
+ * resize-aware components, that meant N ResizeObservers — each carrying
+ * its own callback closure and lifecycle.
+ *
+ * This singleton wraps ONE underlying ResizeObserver and routes each
+ * entry to a per-target callback. The native ResizeObserver already
+ * supports both per-target observe() and per-target unobserve(), so this
+ * pool is simpler than its MutationObserver cousin.
+ *
+ * Browser support: this requires the native global ResizeObserver. On
+ * platforms where it's missing, the pool stays empty and observe() is a
+ * no-op. (Callers who need the polyfill should load it before importing
+ * this module.)
+ */
+export class Ch5SharedResizeObserver {
+  private static _instance: Ch5SharedResizeObserver | null = null;
+
+  private _observer: ResizeObserver | null = null;
+  private readonly _callbacks = new Map<Element, Ch5SharedResizeCallback>();
+  private readonly _supported: boolean;
+
+  private constructor() {
+    this._supported = typeof (globalThis as { ResizeObserver?: unknown }).ResizeObserver === 'function';
+  }
+
+  public get _underlyingObserverCount(): number {
+    return this._observer ? 1 : 0;
+  }
+
+  public static getInstance(): Ch5SharedResizeObserver {
+    if (!Ch5SharedResizeObserver._instance) {
+      Ch5SharedResizeObserver._instance = new Ch5SharedResizeObserver();
+    }
+    return Ch5SharedResizeObserver._instance;
+  }
+
+  /** Test hook — drops the singleton and disconnects the underlying observer. */
+  public static _resetForTesting(): void {
+    if (Ch5SharedResizeObserver._instance) {
+      Ch5SharedResizeObserver._instance._teardown();
+    }
+    Ch5SharedResizeObserver._instance = null;
+  }
+
+  /** True iff the runtime has a native ResizeObserver. */
+  public isSupported(): boolean {
+    return this._supported;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Begin observing `target`. Returns a disposer that, when invoked,
+   * unregisters this exact (target, callback) pair. Calling observe()
+   * again on the same target replaces the previous callback.
+   *
+   * If the runtime lacks ResizeObserver the disposer is a no-op.
+   */
+  public observe(target: Element, callback: Ch5SharedResizeCallback): () => void {
+    if (target == null) return () => undefined;
+    if (!this._supported) return () => undefined;
+
+    if (!this._observer) {
+      this._observer = new ResizeObserver((entries) => this._dispatch(entries));
+    }
+    this._callbacks.set(target, callback);
+    this._observer.observe(target);
+
+    return () => this.unobserve(target);
+  }
+
+  /** Stop observing `target`. Other targets remain observed. */
+  public unobserve(target: Element): void {
+    if (target == null) return;
+    if (!this._callbacks.delete(target)) return;
+    if (!this._observer) return;
+    this._observer.unobserve(target);
+    if (this._callbacks.size === 0) {
+      this._teardown();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Diagnostics — number of currently observed targets. */
+  public size(): number {
+    return this._callbacks.size;
+  }
+
+  /** True iff `target` is currently registered. */
+  public isObserving(target: Element): boolean {
+    return this._callbacks.has(target);
+  }
+
+  private _dispatch(entries: ResizeObserverEntry[]): void {
+    for (let i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+      const entry = entries[i];
+      const cb = this._callbacks.get(entry.target);
+      if (cb) cb(entry.target, entry);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private _teardown(): void {
+    if (this._observer) {
+      this._observer.disconnect();
+      this._observer = null;
+    }
+    this._callbacks.clear();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/ch5-core/resize-observer.ts b/src/ch5-core/resize-observer.ts
index 9bece987b..da5fa548c 100644
--- a/src/ch5-core/resize-observer.ts
+++ b/src/ch5-core/resize-observer.ts
@@ -4,12 +4,36 @@
 // or natural, without the express written consent of Crestron Electronics.
 // Use of this source code is subject to the terms of the Crestron Software License Agreement
 // under which you licensed this source code.
-// import ResizeObserver from 'resize-observer-polyfill';
+
+import { Ch5SharedResizeObserver } from "./ch5-shared-resize-observer";
 
 /**
- * Utility function that returns the first scrollable parent
+ * Observe `node` for size changes, invoking `callback` on every resize.
+ *
+ * Historically this function constructed a new browser-level
+ * ResizeObserver per call AND returned `void`, so callers had no way to
+ * disconnect — every invocation leaked one observer permanently. The
+ * implementation now delegates to {@link Ch5SharedResizeObserver}, so
+ * all calls share a single underlying observer.
+ *
+ * Callers that want to clean up should use the returned disposer in
+ * their `disconnectedCallback()`. Older callers that ignore the return
+ * value still benefit from the pool (one ResizeObserver instead of N)
+ * but their registration persists for the lifetime of the page — that
+ * leak is incremental rather than per-resize and should be fixed by
+ * adopting the disposer.
+ *
+ * @returns a disposer that, when called, unregisters this callback.
+ *
+ * The `callback` is typed as `any` to preserve compatibility with the
+ * historical signature — pre-existing callers pass handlers shaped like
+ * `(event: Event) => void` and `() => void`, neither of which is the
+ * spec'd `ResizeObserverCallback`. Tightening this is a separate cleanup.
  */
-export function resizeObserver(node: HTMLElement, callback: any) {
-    const myObserver = new ResizeObserver(callback);
-    myObserver.observe(node);
+// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+export function resizeObserver(node: HTMLElement, callback: any): () => void {
+    if (node == null) return () => undefined;
+    return Ch5SharedResizeObserver.getInstance().observe(node, (_target, entry) => {
+        callback([entry], Ch5SharedResizeObserver.getInstance() as unknown as ResizeObserver);
+    });
 }
diff --git a/src/ch5-list/ch5-list.ts b/src/ch5-list/ch5-list.ts
index dd701971e..6aacdd913 100644
--- a/src/ch5-list/ch5-list.ts
+++ b/src/ch5-list/ch5-list.ts
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ export class Ch5List extends Ch5Common implements ICh5ListAttributes {
 					this.templateHelper.customScrollbar(this.divList);
 					setTimeout(() => {
 						this.templateHelper.resizeList(this.divList, this.templateVars);
-					}, 0.5);
+					}, 500);
 				} else {
 					this.templateHelper.resetListLayout();
 				}
diff --git a/src/ch5-signal-level-gauge/ch5-signal-level-gauge.ts b/src/ch5-signal-level-gauge/ch5-signal-level-gauge.ts
index a692d8a94..13ea50869 100644
--- a/src/ch5-signal-level-gauge/ch5-signal-level-gauge.ts
+++ b/src/ch5-signal-level-gauge/ch5-signal-level-gauge.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { ICh5SignalLevelGaugeAttributes } from './interfaces/i-ch5-signal-level-
 import { Ch5Properties } from "../ch5-core/ch5-properties";
 import { ICh5PropertySettings } from "../ch5-core/ch5-property";
 import { subscribeInViewPortChange, unSubscribeInViewPortChange } from '../ch5-core';
+import { Ch5SharedResizeObserver } from "../ch5-core/ch5-shared-resize-observer";
 
 export class Ch5SignalLevelGauge extends Ch5Common implements ICh5SignalLevelGaugeAttributes {
 
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ export class Ch5SignalLevelGauge extends Ch5Common implements ICh5SignalLevelGau
   public static readonly ELEMENT_NAME = 'ch5-signal-level-gauge';
 
   public primaryCssClass = 'ch5-signal-level-gauge';
-  private _resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null;
+  private _resizeObserverDispose: (() => void) | null = null;
 
   private _ch5Properties: Ch5Properties;
   private _elContainer: HTMLElement = {} as HTMLElement;
@@ -368,13 +369,18 @@ export class Ch5SignalLevelGauge extends Ch5Common implements ICh5SignalLevelGau
 
   protected attachEventListeners() {
     super.attachEventListeners();
-    this._resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(this._resizeObserverCallBack);
-    this._resizeObserver.observe(this._elContainer)
+    this._resizeObserverDispose = Ch5SharedResizeObserver.getInstance().observe(
+      this._elContainer,
+      () => this._resizeObserverCallBack(),
+    );
   }
 
   protected removeEventListeners() {
     super.removeEventListeners();
-    this._resizeObserver?.unobserve(this._elContainer);
+    if (this._resizeObserverDispose) {
+      this._resizeObserverDispose();
+      this._resizeObserverDispose = null;
+    }
   }
 
   protected unsubscribeFromSignals() {
diff --git a/src/ch5-video-switcher/ch5-video-switcher.ts b/src/ch5-video-switcher/ch5-video-switcher.ts
index 3f81d21a7..d9e5cf745 100644
--- a/src/ch5-video-switcher/ch5-video-switcher.ts
+++ b/src/ch5-video-switcher/ch5-video-switcher.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import _ from "lodash";
 import { Ch5AugmentVarSignalsNames } from "../ch5-common/ch5-augment-var-signals-names";
 import { Ch5VideoSwitcherScreen } from "./ch5-video-switcher-screen";
 import { Ch5VideoSwitcherSource } from "./ch5-video-switcher-source";
+import { Ch5SharedResizeObserver } from "../ch5-core/ch5-shared-resize-observer";
 
 export class Ch5VideoSwitcher extends Ch5Common implements ICh5VideoSwitcherAttributes {
 
@@ -333,7 +334,7 @@ export class Ch5VideoSwitcher extends Ch5Common implements ICh5VideoSwitcherAttr
     receiveStateNumberOfScreens: ""
   }
   private validDrop: boolean = false;
-  private resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null;
+  private resizeObserverDispose: (() => void) | null = null;
 
   public debounceNumberOfItems = this.debounce((newValue: number) => {
     this.setNumberOfItems(newValue);
@@ -739,8 +740,10 @@ export class Ch5VideoSwitcher extends Ch5Common implements ICh5VideoSwitcherAttr
     this._sourceListContainer.addEventListener('mouseup', this.handleMouseUpAndLeave);
     this._sourceListContainer.addEventListener('mousemove', this.handleMouseMove);
     this._sourceListContainer.addEventListener('scroll', this.handleScrollEvent);
-    this.resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(this.resizeObserverHandler);
-    this.resizeObserver.observe(this._elContainer);
+    this.resizeObserverDispose = Ch5SharedResizeObserver.getInstance().observe(
+      this._elContainer,
+      () => this.resizeObserverHandler(),
+    );
   }
 
   private handleMouseDown = this.debounce((e: MouseEvent) => {
@@ -775,7 +778,10 @@ export class Ch5VideoSwitcher extends Ch5Common implements ICh5VideoSwitcherAttr
     this._sourceListContainer.removeEventListener('mousedown', this.handleMouseDown);
     this._sourceListContainer.removeEventListener('mousemove', this.handleMouseMove);
     this._sourceListContainer.removeEventListener('scroll', this.handleScrollEvent);
-    this.resizeObserver?.unobserve(this._elContainer);
+    if (this.resizeObserverDispose) {
+      this.resizeObserverDispose();
+      this.resizeObserverDispose = null;
+    }
   }
 
   protected unsubscribeFromSignals() {
diff --git a/tests/jest/_helpers/fake-resize-observer.ts b/tests/jest/_helpers/fake-resize-observer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34c1e1a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/jest/_helpers/fake-resize-observer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/**
+ * Controllable ResizeObserver shim for tests.
+ *
+ * JSDOM (as of v29) does not implement ResizeObserver. Production code uses
+ * it through Ch5SharedResizeObserver, which checks `globalThis.ResizeObserver`
+ * at construction time. This helper installs a fake on `globalThis` and lets
+ * tests synchronously fire entries for any observed target.
+ *
+ * Usage:
+ *
+ *   let fake: FakeResizeObserverHandle;
+ *   beforeEach(() => { fake = installFakeResizeObserver(); });
+ *   afterEach(() => { fake.restore(); });
+ *
+ *   // After observe() calls have been made:
+ *   fake.fire(targetElement);            // dispatches a synthetic entry
+ *   expect(fake.instances).toBe(1);     // pool invariant
+ */
+
+export interface FakeResizeObserverHandle {
+  /** How many fake ResizeObservers have been constructed since install. */
+  instances: number;
+  /** Synchronously fire a resize entry for `target` on every observer watching it. */
+  fire(target: Element, contentRect?: Partial<DOMRectReadOnly>): void;
+  /** Restore whatever was on globalThis.ResizeObserver before install. */
+  restore(): void;
+}
+
+interface InternalObserver {
+  cb: ResizeObserverCallback;
+  watching: Set<Element>;
+}
+
+export function installFakeResizeObserver(): FakeResizeObserverHandle {
+  const previous = (globalThis as { ResizeObserver?: unknown }).ResizeObserver;
+  const observers: InternalObserver[] = [];
+
+  class Fake {
+    private readonly _entry: InternalObserver;
+    constructor(cb: ResizeObserverCallback) {
+      this._entry = { cb, watching: new Set() };
+      observers.push(this._entry);
+    }
+    observe(target: Element): void {
+      this._entry.watching.add(target);
+    }
+    unobserve(target: Element): void {
+      this._entry.watching.delete(target);
+    }
+    disconnect(): void {
+      this._entry.watching.clear();
+    }
+  }
+
+  (globalThis as { ResizeObserver?: unknown }).ResizeObserver = Fake;
+
+  return {
+    get instances(): number {
+      return observers.length;
+    },
+    fire(target: Element, contentRect: Partial<DOMRectReadOnly> = {}): void {
+      const rect: DOMRectReadOnly = {
+        x: 0, y: 0, width: 0, height: 0, top: 0, left: 0, right: 0, bottom: 0,
+        toJSON() { return {}; },
+        ...contentRect,
+      } as DOMRectReadOnly;
+      const entry: ResizeObserverEntry = {
+        target,
+        contentRect: rect,
+        borderBoxSize: [],
+        contentBoxSize: [],
+        devicePixelContentBoxSize: [],
+      };
+      for (const o of observers) {
+        if (o.watching.has(target)) {
+          o.cb([entry], {} as ResizeObserver);
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    restore(): void {
+      if (previous === undefined) {
+        delete (globalThis as { ResizeObserver?: unknown }).ResizeObserver;
+      } else {
+        (globalThis as { ResizeObserver?: unknown }).ResizeObserver = previous;
+      }
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/tests/jest/_helpers/source-scanner.ts b/tests/jest/_helpers/source-scanner.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..434bd6005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/jest/_helpers/source-scanner.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+/**
+ * Lightweight source scanner for regression-guard tests.
+ *
+ * Reads src/*.ts files as text and runs regex patterns against the whole
+ * file (so multi-line constructs work). Match offsets are resolved to
+ * 1-indexed line/column for human-readable failure output.
+ *
+ * Why text scanning instead of TypeScript's AST:
+ *   1. Speed — scanning ~84k LOC takes < 1s; full AST is much slower.
+ *   2. Robustness — guards survive TS upgrades without API churn.
+ * If a guard ever needs structural understanding ("only inside class methods",
+ * "only when X is imported") upgrade it to ts-morph at that time.
+ */
+import * as fs from 'fs';
+import * as path from 'path';
+
+export interface SourceMatch {
+  file: string;        // path relative to repo root, forward-slashed
+  line: number;        // 1-indexed
+  column: number;      // 1-indexed
+  matchText: string;   // the substring that matched
+  lineText: string;    // the full line containing the match, trimmed
+}
+
+const SRC_DIR = path.resolve(__dirname, '..', '..', '..', 'src');
+const REPO_ROOT = path.resolve(SRC_DIR, '..');
+
+/**
+ * Walk src/ and return every .ts file that is NOT a test/spec/declaration.
+ */
+export function listSourceFiles(): string[] {
+  const out: string[] = [];
+  const stack: string[] = [SRC_DIR];
+  while (stack.length) {
+    const dir = stack.pop() as string;
+    let entries: fs.Dirent[];
+    try {
+      entries = fs.readdirSync(dir, { withFileTypes: true });
+    } catch {
+      continue;
+    }
+    for (const e of entries) {
+      const full = path.join(dir, e.name);
+      if (e.isDirectory()) {
+        stack.push(full);
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (!e.isFile()) continue;
+      if (!full.endsWith('.ts')) continue;
+      if (full.endsWith('.spec.ts')) continue;
+      if (full.endsWith('.d.ts')) continue;
+      out.push(full);
+    }
+  }
+  return out.sort();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Run a regex against each source file, returning every match site.
+ *
+ * The pattern is forced to be global so multiple hits per file are reported.
+ * Patterns should use `[\s\S]` (not `.`) when they need to cross newlines.
+ *
+ * Matches inside `//` or `/* ... *​/` comments are dropped — we don't want
+ * to flag commented-out examples or doc snippets.
+ */
+export function scan(pattern: RegExp, files: string[] = listSourceFiles()): SourceMatch[] {
+  const flags = pattern.flags.includes('g') ? pattern.flags : pattern.flags + 'g';
+  const re = new RegExp(pattern.source, flags);
+  const matches: SourceMatch[] = [];
+
+  for (const file of files) {
+    const text = fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
+    const commentMask = buildCommentMask(text);
+    const lineStarts = buildLineStarts(text);
+
+    re.lastIndex = 0;
+    let m: RegExpExecArray | null;
+    while ((m = re.exec(text)) !== null) {
+      const idx = m.index;
+      if (commentMask[idx]) {
+        // skip matches that begin inside a comment
+        if (m[0].length === 0) re.lastIndex = idx + 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+      const { line, column } = offsetToLineCol(idx, lineStarts);
+      const lineText = extractLine(text, lineStarts, line);
+      matches.push({
+        file: path.relative(REPO_ROOT, file).replace(/\\/g, '/'),
+        line,
+        column,
+        matchText: m[0],
+        lineText: lineText.trim(),
+      });
+      // avoid infinite loop on zero-width matches
+      if (m[0].length === 0) re.lastIndex = idx + 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return matches;
+}
+
+function buildLineStarts(text: string): number[] {
+  const starts: number[] = [0];
+  for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+    if (text.charCodeAt(i) === 10 /* \n */) starts.push(i + 1);
+  }
+  return starts;
+}
+
+function offsetToLineCol(offset: number, lineStarts: number[]): { line: number; column: number } {
+  // binary search for the largest lineStart <= offset
+  let lo = 0;
+  let hi = lineStarts.length - 1;
+  while (lo < hi) {
+    const mid = (lo + hi + 1) >>> 1;
+    if (lineStarts[mid] <= offset) lo = mid;
+    else hi = mid - 1;
+  }
+  return { line: lo + 1, column: offset - lineStarts[lo] + 1 };
+}
+
+function extractLine(text: string, lineStarts: number[], line: number): string {
+  const start = lineStarts[line - 1];
+  const end = line < lineStarts.length ? lineStarts[line] - 1 : text.length;
+  return text.slice(start, end);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a boolean array of length `text.length` where mask[i] === true means
+ * position i is inside a `// ...` line comment or `/​* ... *​/` block comment.
+ * String literals are *not* treated specially — that's a conscious trade-off
+ * for simplicity, since regex hits inside strings are vanishingly rare in
+ * practice and easy to silence with a guard pattern if they do appear.
+ */
+function buildCommentMask(text: string): Uint8Array {
+  const mask = new Uint8Array(text.length);
+  let i = 0;
+  const n = text.length;
+  while (i < n) {
+    if (text[i] === '/' && text[i + 1] === '/') {
+      while (i < n && text[i] !== '\n') {
+        mask[i] = 1;
+        i++;
+      }
+    } else if (text[i] === '/' && text[i + 1] === '*') {
+      mask[i] = 1;
+      mask[i + 1] = 1;
+      i += 2;
+      while (i < n && !(text[i] === '*' && text[i + 1] === '/')) {
+        mask[i] = 1;
+        i++;
+      }
+      if (i < n) {
+        mask[i] = 1;
+        mask[i + 1] = 1;
+        i += 2;
+      }
+    } else {
+      i++;
+    }
+  }
+  return mask;
+}
+
+/** Pretty-print a list of matches for failure messages. */
+export function formatMatches(matches: SourceMatch[]): string {
+  if (!matches.length) return '(no matches)';
+  return matches.map((m) => `  ${m.file}:${m.line}:${m.column}  ${m.lineText}`).join('\n');
+}
diff --git a/tests/jest/_helpers/ts-call-finder.ts b/tests/jest/_helpers/ts-call-finder.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8cf05351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/jest/_helpers/ts-call-finder.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+/**
+ * AST-based call-site finder for regression-guard tests.
+ *
+ * Uses the TypeScript compiler API (already a transitive dep via ts-jest)
+ * to locate CallExpression nodes that match a predicate. Correct for
+ * nested calls, multi-line arguments, comments, and string contents —
+ * all of which a regex pass can get wrong.
+ *
+ * Usage:
+ *
+ *   const hits = findCalls((call, sf) => {
+ *     return isCalleeNamed(call, 'setTimeout') &&
+ *            getNumericLiteralArg(call, 1) !== undefined &&
+ *            (getNumericLiteralArg(call, 1) as number) < 16;
+ *   });
+ */
+import * as fs from 'fs';
+import * as path from 'path';
+import * as ts from 'typescript';
+import { listSourceFiles } from './source-scanner';
+
+export interface CallHit {
+  file: string;     // forward-slashed, repo-relative
+  line: number;     // 1-indexed
+  column: number;   // 1-indexed
+  snippet: string;  // single-line preview of the call site
+}
+
+const REPO_ROOT = path.resolve(__dirname, '..', '..', '..');
+
+/**
+ * Walk every source file and yield each CallExpression that satisfies
+ * `predicate`. Source files are parsed with the loosest possible TS
+ * settings — we don't need type info, just the AST.
+ */
+export function findCalls(
+  predicate: (call: ts.CallExpression, sf: ts.SourceFile) => boolean,
+  files: string[] = listSourceFiles(),
+): CallHit[] {
+  const hits: CallHit[] = [];
+  for (const file of files) {
+    const text = fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
+    const sf = ts.createSourceFile(file, text, ts.ScriptTarget.ES2017, /*setParentNodes*/ true);
+    const visit = (node: ts.Node): void => {
+      if (ts.isCallExpression(node) && predicate(node, sf)) {
+        const { line, character } = sf.getLineAndCharacterOfPosition(node.getStart(sf));
+        const snippet = extractSingleLine(text, node.getStart(sf));
+        hits.push({
+          file: path.relative(REPO_ROOT, file).replace(/\\/g, '/'),
+          line: line + 1,
+          column: character + 1,
+          snippet,
+        });
+      }
+      ts.forEachChild(node, visit);
+    };
+    visit(sf);
+  }
+  return hits;
+}
+
+/** Return the textual name of a call's callee (handles `foo` and `obj.foo`). */
+export function getCalleeName(call: ts.CallExpression): string | undefined {
+  const expr = call.expression;
+  if (ts.isIdentifier(expr)) return expr.text;
+  if (ts.isPropertyAccessExpression(expr) && ts.isIdentifier(expr.name)) return expr.name.text;
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+/** True if the call's callee identifier matches `name` (either `name(...)` or `x.name(...)`). */
+export function isCalleeNamed(call: ts.CallExpression, name: string): boolean {
+  return getCalleeName(call) === name;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the numeric value of the argument at `index` IF that argument is a
+ * numeric literal (or a -literal). Returns undefined for identifiers,
+ * expressions, missing arguments, etc.
+ */
+export function getNumericLiteralArg(call: ts.CallExpression, index: number): number | undefined {
+  const arg = call.arguments[index];
+  if (!arg) return undefined;
+  if (ts.isNumericLiteral(arg)) return parseFloat(arg.text);
+  // unary minus on a number literal — rare for delays but cheap to support
+  if (ts.isPrefixUnaryExpression(arg) && arg.operator === ts.SyntaxKind.MinusToken && ts.isNumericLiteral(arg.operand)) {
+    return -parseFloat(arg.operand.text);
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+/** Pretty-print a list of hits for failure messages. */
+export function formatHits(hits: CallHit[]): string {
+  if (!hits.length) return '(no matches)';
+  return hits.map((h) => `  ${h.file}:${h.line}:${h.column}  ${h.snippet}`).join('\n');
+}
+
+function extractSingleLine(text: string, offset: number): string {
+  let start = offset;
+  while (start > 0 && text[start - 1] !== '\n') start--;
+  let end = offset;
+  while (end < text.length && text[end] !== '\n') end++;
+  return text.slice(start, end).trim();
+}
diff --git a/tests/jest/leaks/color-picker-silent-catch.test.ts b/tests/jest/leaks/color-picker-silent-catch.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca7f07eb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/jest/leaks/color-picker-silent-catch.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/**
+ * Regression guard — ColorPicker no longer swallows initialisation errors.
+ *
+ * BEFORE (master): a failed `mycolorpicker.hsl(...)` call left `joe = null`
+ * with no log, no warning, and no exposed state. Subsequent `setColor()`
+ * calls then threw NPEs that were ALSO silently caught. Users saw nothing.
+ *
+ * AFTER (this branch): the catch emits a console.warn with the picker id
+ * and the error. The class exposes `isReady`, and `setColor()` returns a
+ * boolean indicating whether the call took effect.
+ *
+ * We mock `@raghavendradabbir/mycolorpicker` to force a failure path.
+ */
+
+jest.mock('@raghavendradabbir/mycolorpicker', () => ({
+  hsl: jest.fn(() => {
+    throw new Error('simulated picker init failure');
+  }),
+}));
+
+import { ColorPicker } from '../../../src/ch5-color-picker/color-picker';
+
+describe('ColorPicker silent-catch fix', () => {
+  let warnSpy: jest.SpyInstance;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    warnSpy = jest.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => undefined);
+  });
+  afterEach(() => {
+    warnSpy.mockRestore();
+  });
+
+  it('logs a warning when initialisation fails (instead of swallowing)', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.id = 'cp-1';
+    document.body.appendChild(div);
+
+    const cp = new ColorPicker('cp-1', '#ffffff');
+
+    expect(cp.isReady).toBe(false);
+    expect(warnSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const [message, err] = warnSpy.mock.calls[0];
+    expect(message).toContain('failed to initialise picker');
+    expect(message).toContain('cp-1');
+    expect((err as Error).message).toContain('simulated picker init failure');
+  });
+
+  it('setColor() returns false and warns when called on an uninitialised picker', () => {
+    const cp = new ColorPicker('cp-2', '#ffffff');
+    warnSpy.mockClear();
+
+    const result = cp.setColor('#000000');
+
+    expect(result).toBe(false);
+    expect(warnSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(warnSpy.mock.calls[0][0]).toContain('setColor() called on uninitialised picker');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/jest/leaks/language-subscription.test.ts b/tests/jest/leaks/language-subscription.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..799e72804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/jest/leaks/language-subscription.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/**
+ * Leak guard — base-class subscriptions are released on teardown.
+ *
+ * BEFORE (master): src/ch5-common/ch5-common.ts:756 subscribed to the
+ * language-change signal in the constructor and discarded the returned
+ * subscription key. The subscription closure captured `this` (the
+ * component) AND `this.translatableObjects`, so every component
+ * instance was pinned in memory for the lifetime of the page — even
+ * after removal from the DOM.
+ *
+ * AFTER (this branch): the returned key is stored in
+ * `_languageChangeSubKey` and `unsubscribeFromSignals()` calls
+ * `signal.unsubscribe(key)`. Future genuine-RxJS subscriptions can
+ * additionally use `_baseClassSubscriptions[]`.
+ *
+ * The test deliberately bypasses the Ch5Common constructor (which would
+ * otherwise need the full signal bridge, customElements registration,
+ * and a host document). It exercises the teardown logic by calling
+ * `unsubscribeFromSignals()` against a synthetic `this`.
+ */
+import { Ch5Common } from '../../../src/ch5-common/ch5-common';
+import { Ch5SignalFactory, languageChangedSignalName } from '../../../src/ch5-core';
+import { Subject, Subscription } from 'rxjs';
+
+const protoFn = (name: 'unsubscribeFromSignals'): (this: unknown) => void =>
+  (Ch5Common.prototype as unknown as Record<string, (this: unknown) => void>)[name];
+
+const baseFakeThis = (): Record<string, unknown> => ({
+  _keepListeningOnSignalsAfterRemoval: false,
+  _languageChangeSubKey: '',
+  _baseClassSubscriptions: [] as Subscription[],
+  _receiveStateEnable: '',
+  _subKeySigReceiveEnable: '',
+  _receiveStateShow: '',
+  _subKeySigReceiveShow: '',
+  _receiveStateShowPulse: '',
+  _subKeySigReceiveShowPulse: '',
+  _receiveStateHidePulse: '',
+  _subKeySigReceiveHidePulse: '',
+  _receiveStateCustomStyle: '',
+  _subKeySigReceiveCustomStyle: '',
+  _receiveStateCustomClass: '',
+  _subKeySigReceiveCustomClass: '',
+  clearBooleanSignalSubscription: () => undefined,
+  clearStringSignalSubscription: () => undefined,
+});
+
+describe('Ch5Common base-class subscriptions are released on teardown', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // Clear any cached signals from previous tests
+    (Ch5SignalFactory.getInstance() as unknown as { _ch5Signals: Record<string, unknown> })._ch5Signals = {};
+  });
+
+  it('unsubscribeFromSignals() unsubscribes the tracked language-change subKey via Ch5Signal.unsubscribe', () => {
+    // Spin up a real language-change signal so the unsubscribe call has
+    // something to find. Subscribe to bump the subKey counter, then assert
+    // the teardown path drains it via the bridge API.
+    const sig = Ch5SignalFactory.getInstance().getStringSignal(languageChangedSignalName, true);
+    expect(sig).not.toBeNull();
+    const key = sig!.subscribe(() => undefined);
+    expect(typeof key).toBe('string');
+    expect(key.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+
+    const unsubSpy = jest.spyOn(sig!, 'unsubscribe');
+
+    const fakeThis = { ...baseFakeThis(), _languageChangeSubKey: key };
+    protoFn('unsubscribeFromSignals').call(fakeThis);
+
+    expect(unsubSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(key);
+    expect(fakeThis._languageChangeSubKey).toBe('');
+  });
+
+  it('drains _baseClassSubscriptions for non-bridge RxJS subscriptions', () => {
+    const subject = new Subject<string>();
+    const sub = subject.subscribe(() => undefined);
+    expect(sub.closed).toBe(false);
+
+    const fakeThis = { ...baseFakeThis(), _baseClassSubscriptions: [sub] };
+    protoFn('unsubscribeFromSignals').call(fakeThis);
+
+    expect(sub.closed).toBe(true);
+    expect(fakeThis._baseClassSubscriptions).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('releases the language sub even when _keepListeningOnSignalsAfterRemoval is true', () => {
+    // The flag exists to keep receive-state bridge subscriptions alive for
+    // re-attachment. It must NOT keep the language-change sub alive — that
+    // closure holds the component reference and leaks it forever.
+    const sig = Ch5SignalFactory.getInstance().getStringSignal(languageChangedSignalName, true);
+    const key = sig!.subscribe(() => undefined);
+    const unsubSpy = jest.spyOn(sig!, 'unsubscribe');
+
+    const fakeThis = {
+      ...baseFakeThis(),
+      _keepListeningOnSignalsAfterRemoval: true,
+      _languageChangeSubKey: key,
+    };
+    protoFn('unsubscribeFromSignals').call(fakeThis);
+
+    expect(unsubSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(key);
+    expect(fakeThis._languageChangeSubKey).toBe('');
+  });
+
+  it('is a no-op when nothing is tracked', () => {
+    const fakeThis = baseFakeThis();
+    expect(() => protoFn('unsubscribeFromSignals').call(fakeThis)).not.toThrow();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/jest/perf/mutation-observer-facade.test.ts b/tests/jest/perf/mutation-observer-facade.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04b3950dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/jest/perf/mutation-observer-facade.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/**
+ * Ch5MutationObserver facade — proves backward-compatibility with the old
+ * constructor / observe / disconnectObserver API, AND that the pool win is
+ * realised end-to-end (N facade instances still share ONE underlying
+ * browser MutationObserver).
+ *
+ * BEFORE (master): `new Ch5MutationObserver(component)` created its own
+ *   MutationObserver inside the constructor.
+ * AFTER (this branch): the facade delegates to Ch5SharedMutationObserver,
+ *   which lazily creates ONE underlying observer for all targets.
+ *
+ * The existing Ch5MutationObserver imports Ch5Common, which imports a
+ * very large chunk of the library. To keep this test fast and isolated,
+ * we don't import Ch5Common — we pass a minimal duck-typed stand-in
+ * that satisfies the facade's only use of the element parameter
+ * (`updateElementVisibility(boolean)`).
+ */
+import { Ch5MutationObserver } from '../../../src/ch5-common/ch5-mutation-observer';
+import { Ch5SharedMutationObserver } from '../../../src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-mutation-observer';
+
+interface FakeComponent {
+  updateElementVisibility: jest.Mock;
+}
+
+const makeFakeComponent = (): FakeComponent => ({
+  updateElementVisibility: jest.fn(),
+});
+
+const flushMicrotasks = (): Promise<void> =>
+  new Promise<void>((resolve) => queueMicrotask(() => resolve()));
+
+describe('Ch5MutationObserver facade — pooled delegation', () => {
+  let observerCtorSpy: jest.Mock;
+  let realCtor: typeof MutationObserver;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    Ch5SharedMutationObserver._resetForTesting();
+    realCtor = global.MutationObserver;
+    observerCtorSpy = jest.fn();
+    (global as any).MutationObserver = class extends realCtor {
+      constructor(cb: MutationCallback) {
+        observerCtorSpy();
+        super(cb);
+      }
+    };
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    Ch5SharedMutationObserver._resetForTesting();
+    global.MutationObserver = realCtor;
+  });
+
+  it('50 facade instances → 1 underlying MutationObserver (pre-refactor would have been 50)', () => {
+    const targets: HTMLElement[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
+      const el = document.createElement('div');
+      document.body.appendChild(el);
+      targets.push(el);
+      const obs = new Ch5MutationObserver(makeFakeComponent() as unknown as never);
+      obs.observe(el);
+    }
+    expect(observerCtorSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance()._underlyingObserverCount).toBe(1);
+    expect(Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance().size()).toBe(50);
+  });
+
+  it('disconnectObserver() removes the facade\'s targets but leaves siblings observed', () => {
+    const elA = document.createElement('div');
+    const elB = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.append(elA, elB);
+    const obsA = new Ch5MutationObserver(makeFakeComponent() as unknown as never);
+    const obsB = new Ch5MutationObserver(makeFakeComponent() as unknown as never);
+    obsA.observe(elA);
+    obsB.observe(elB);
+    expect(Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance().size()).toBe(2);
+
+    obsA.disconnectObserver();
+    expect(Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance().size()).toBe(1);
+    expect(Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance().isObserving(elB)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('disconnectObserver() is idempotent — calling twice is a no-op', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.appendChild(el);
+    const obs = new Ch5MutationObserver(makeFakeComponent() as unknown as never);
+    obs.observe(el);
+    obs.disconnectObserver();
+    expect(() => obs.disconnectObserver()).not.toThrow();
+  });
+
+  it('dispatches visibility updates to the originating component, not its peers', async () => {
+    const elA = document.createElement('div');
+    const elB = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.append(elA, elB);
+    const compA = makeFakeComponent();
+    const compB = makeFakeComponent();
+    new Ch5MutationObserver(compA as unknown as never).observe(elA);
+    new Ch5MutationObserver(compB as unknown as never).observe(elB);
+
+    elA.setAttribute('style', 'opacity: 0.5');
+    await flushMicrotasks();
+
+    expect(compA.updateElementVisibility).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(compB.updateElementVisibility).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('checkElementValidity still works (unchanged public static)', () => {
+    expect(Ch5MutationObserver.checkElementValidity(document.body)).toBe(false);
+    const ok = document.createElement('div');
+    expect(Ch5MutationObserver.checkElementValidity(ok)).toBe(true);
+    const swiper = document.createElement('div');
+    swiper.classList.add('swiper-wrapper');
+    expect(Ch5MutationObserver.checkElementValidity(swiper)).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/jest/perf/shared-mutation-observer.test.ts b/tests/jest/perf/shared-mutation-observer.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ebbf90e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/jest/perf/shared-mutation-observer.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+/**
+ * SharedMutationObserver — pool invariants and dispatch correctness.
+ *
+ * BEFORE (master): src/ch5-common/ch5-mutation-observer.ts created one
+ * browser-level MutationObserver per component instance. On a panel with
+ * N components, N MutationObservers ran simultaneously.
+ *
+ * AFTER (this branch): Ch5MutationObserver delegates to
+ * Ch5SharedMutationObserver — a singleton with ONE underlying browser
+ * MutationObserver regardless of N facade instances.
+ *
+ * These tests prove:
+ *   1. N facade instances → 1 underlying browser MutationObserver.
+ *   2. Per-target callback dispatch is correct under attribute mutations.
+ *   3. unobserve(t) leaves other targets observed.
+ *   4. The singleton tears down its underlying observer when empty.
+ *
+ * They run in JSDOM. JSDOM's MutationObserver fires asynchronously (just
+ * like the browser), so we await microtasks before assertions.
+ */
+import { Ch5SharedMutationObserver } from '../../../src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-mutation-observer';
+
+const flushMicrotasks = (): Promise<void> =>
+  new Promise<void>((resolve) => queueMicrotask(() => resolve()));
+
+describe('Ch5SharedMutationObserver', () => {
+  let observerCtorSpy: jest.SpyInstance;
+  let realCtor: typeof MutationObserver;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    Ch5SharedMutationObserver._resetForTesting();
+    realCtor = global.MutationObserver;
+    observerCtorSpy = jest.fn();
+    // Wrap MutationObserver so we can count instantiations
+    (global as any).MutationObserver = class extends realCtor {
+      constructor(cb: MutationCallback) {
+        observerCtorSpy();
+        super(cb);
+      }
+    };
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    Ch5SharedMutationObserver._resetForTesting();
+    global.MutationObserver = realCtor;
+  });
+
+  it('creates ONE underlying MutationObserver regardless of how many targets are observed', () => {
+    const shared = Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance();
+    const config: MutationObserverInit = { attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style'] };
+    const targets: HTMLDivElement[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
+      const el = document.createElement('div');
+      document.body.appendChild(el);
+      targets.push(el);
+      shared.observe(el, config, () => {});
+    }
+    expect(observerCtorSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(shared._underlyingObserverCount).toBe(1);
+    expect(shared.size()).toBe(50);
+  });
+
+  it('dispatches mutations to the right per-target callback', async () => {
+    const shared = Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance();
+    const a = document.createElement('div');
+    const b = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.append(a, b);
+
+    const cbA = jest.fn();
+    const cbB = jest.fn();
+    const config: MutationObserverInit = { attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style'] };
+    shared.observe(a, config, cbA);
+    shared.observe(b, config, cbB);
+
+    a.setAttribute('style', 'opacity: 0.5');
+    await flushMicrotasks();
+
+    expect(cbA).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(cbB).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+    b.setAttribute('style', 'visibility: hidden');
+    await flushMicrotasks();
+
+    expect(cbA).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(cbB).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('unobserve removes one target without disturbing the others', async () => {
+    const shared = Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance();
+    const a = document.createElement('div');
+    const b = document.createElement('div');
+    const c = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.append(a, b, c);
+
+    const cbA = jest.fn();
+    const cbB = jest.fn();
+    const cbC = jest.fn();
+    const config: MutationObserverInit = { attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style'] };
+    shared.observe(a, config, cbA);
+    shared.observe(b, config, cbB);
+    shared.observe(c, config, cbC);
+
+    expect(shared.size()).toBe(3);
+    shared.unobserve(b);
+    expect(shared.size()).toBe(2);
+    expect(shared.isObserving(a)).toBe(true);
+    expect(shared.isObserving(b)).toBe(false);
+    expect(shared.isObserving(c)).toBe(true);
+
+    // After unobserve(b), only a and c should still notify.
+    a.setAttribute('style', 'opacity: 0');
+    b.setAttribute('style', 'opacity: 0');
+    c.setAttribute('style', 'opacity: 0');
+    await flushMicrotasks();
+
+    expect(cbA).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(cbB).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(cbC).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('tears down the underlying observer when the last target is unobserved', () => {
+    const shared = Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance();
+    const a = document.createElement('div');
+    const b = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.append(a, b);
+
+    const config: MutationObserverInit = { attributes: true };
+    shared.observe(a, config, () => {});
+    shared.observe(b, config, () => {});
+    expect(shared._underlyingObserverCount).toBe(1);
+
+    shared.unobserve(a);
+    expect(shared._underlyingObserverCount).toBe(1); // b still observed
+    shared.unobserve(b);
+    expect(shared._underlyingObserverCount).toBe(0); // pool empty → torn down
+  });
+
+  it('observe() on the same target replaces the previous callback', async () => {
+    const shared = Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance();
+    const a = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.appendChild(a);
+
+    const first = jest.fn();
+    const second = jest.fn();
+    const config: MutationObserverInit = { attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style'] };
+    shared.observe(a, config, first);
+    shared.observe(a, config, second);
+
+    a.setAttribute('style', 'opacity: 0');
+    await flushMicrotasks();
+
+    expect(first).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(second).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(shared.size()).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores observe/unobserve calls with null targets', () => {
+    const shared = Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance();
+    expect(() => shared.observe(null as unknown as Node, {}, () => {})).not.toThrow();
+    expect(() => shared.unobserve(null as unknown as Node)).not.toThrow();
+    expect(shared.size()).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('routes subtree:true mutations to the ancestor callback', async () => {
+    // Reviewer caught this: under subtree:true the browser reports the
+    // deepest mutated node as `mutation.target`, but the caller registered
+    // an ancestor. Dispatch must walk up to find a matching entry.
+    const shared = Ch5SharedMutationObserver.getInstance();
+    const root = document.createElement('section');
+    const child = document.createElement('div');
+    const grandchild = document.createElement('span');
+    child.appendChild(grandchild);
+    root.appendChild(child);
+    document.body.appendChild(root);
+
+    const cb = jest.fn();
+    shared.observe(
+      root,
+      { attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style'], subtree: true },
+      cb,
+    );
+
+    grandchild.setAttribute('style', 'color: red');
+    await flushMicrotasks();
+
+    expect(cb).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    // The callback receives the ancestor (the registered node), not the deep target.
+    expect(cb.mock.calls[0][0]).toBe(root);
+    // The raw MutationRecord still carries the original deep target.
+    const mutation = cb.mock.calls[0][1] as MutationRecord;
+    expect(mutation.target).toBe(grandchild);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/jest/perf/shared-resize-observer.test.ts b/tests/jest/perf/shared-resize-observer.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb49a89de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/jest/perf/shared-resize-observer.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+/**
+ * SharedResizeObserver — pool invariants, dispatch, and disposer behavior.
+ *
+ * BEFORE (master):
+ *   • src/ch5-core/resize-observer.ts created a new browser ResizeObserver
+ *     per call AND returned void — every caller leaked one observer with no
+ *     disconnect path.
+ *   • src/ch5-video-switcher/...:742 and src/ch5-signal-level-gauge/...:371
+ *     each held their own per-instance ResizeObserver.
+ *
+ * AFTER (this branch):
+ *   • All routes go through Ch5SharedResizeObserver — a singleton with ONE
+ *     underlying browser ResizeObserver regardless of N callers.
+ *   • The `resizeObserver()` utility returns a disposer so opt-in callers
+ *     can finally clean up; the two direct consumers are migrated to use
+ *     the disposer in their respective `removeEventListeners`.
+ *
+ * These tests run in JSDOM with a controllable ResizeObserver shim that
+ * lets us fire synthetic entries on demand (see _helpers/fake-resize-observer).
+ */
+import { Ch5SharedResizeObserver } from '../../../src/ch5-core/ch5-shared-resize-observer';
+import { resizeObserver as legacyResizeObserver } from '../../../src/ch5-core/resize-observer';
+import {
+  installFakeResizeObserver,
+  FakeResizeObserverHandle,
+} from '../_helpers/fake-resize-observer';
+
+describe('Ch5SharedResizeObserver', () => {
+  let fake: FakeResizeObserverHandle;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    Ch5SharedResizeObserver._resetForTesting();
+    fake = installFakeResizeObserver();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    Ch5SharedResizeObserver._resetForTesting();
+    fake.restore();
+  });
+
+  it('creates ONE underlying ResizeObserver for many targets', () => {
+    const shared = Ch5SharedResizeObserver.getInstance();
+    for (let i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
+      const el = document.createElement('div');
+      document.body.appendChild(el);
+      shared.observe(el, () => undefined);
+    }
+    expect(fake.instances).toBe(1);
+    expect(shared._underlyingObserverCount).toBe(1);
+    expect(shared.size()).toBe(30);
+  });
+
+  it('routes entries to the right per-target callback', () => {
+    const shared = Ch5SharedResizeObserver.getInstance();
+    const a = document.createElement('div');
+    const b = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.append(a, b);
+
+    const cbA = jest.fn();
+    const cbB = jest.fn();
+    shared.observe(a, cbA);
+    shared.observe(b, cbB);
+
+    fake.fire(a, { width: 100, height: 50 });
+    expect(cbA).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(cbB).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    const firstCall = cbA.mock.calls[0];
+    expect(firstCall[0]).toBe(a);
+    expect((firstCall[1] as ResizeObserverEntry).contentRect.width).toBe(100);
+
+    fake.fire(b);
+    expect(cbB).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('observe() returns a disposer that unregisters exactly that target', () => {
+    const shared = Ch5SharedResizeObserver.getInstance();
+    const a = document.createElement('div');
+    const b = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.append(a, b);
+
+    const cbA = jest.fn();
+    const cbB = jest.fn();
+    const disposeA = shared.observe(a, cbA);
+    shared.observe(b, cbB);
+
+    expect(shared.size()).toBe(2);
+    disposeA();
+    expect(shared.size()).toBe(1);
+    expect(shared.isObserving(a)).toBe(false);
+    expect(shared.isObserving(b)).toBe(true);
+
+    fake.fire(a);
+    expect(cbA).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    fake.fire(b);
+    expect(cbB).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('tears down the underlying observer when empty', () => {
+    const shared = Ch5SharedResizeObserver.getInstance();
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.appendChild(el);
+    const dispose = shared.observe(el, () => undefined);
+    expect(shared._underlyingObserverCount).toBe(1);
+    dispose();
+    expect(shared._underlyingObserverCount).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores null targets gracefully', () => {
+    const shared = Ch5SharedResizeObserver.getInstance();
+    const dispose = shared.observe(null as unknown as Element, () => undefined);
+    expect(typeof dispose).toBe('function');
+    expect(() => dispose()).not.toThrow();
+    expect(shared.size()).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('returns a no-op disposer when ResizeObserver is unavailable', () => {
+    // Tear down the singleton, remove the shim, then re-create the singleton.
+    Ch5SharedResizeObserver._resetForTesting();
+    fake.restore();
+    const noSupport = Ch5SharedResizeObserver.getInstance();
+    expect(noSupport.isSupported()).toBe(false);
+    const dispose = noSupport.observe(document.createElement('div'), jest.fn());
+    expect(typeof dispose).toBe('function');
+    expect(noSupport.size()).toBe(0);
+    // restore so the afterEach can run normally
+    fake = installFakeResizeObserver();
+  });
+});
+
+describe('legacy resizeObserver() utility — pooled, disposer-returning', () => {
+  let fake: FakeResizeObserverHandle;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    Ch5SharedResizeObserver._resetForTesting();
+    fake = installFakeResizeObserver();
+  });
+  afterEach(() => {
+    Ch5SharedResizeObserver._resetForTesting();
+    fake.restore();
+  });
+
+  it('routes through the singleton — N calls, 1 underlying observer', () => {
+    for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+      const el = document.createElement('div');
+      document.body.appendChild(el);
+      legacyResizeObserver(el, () => undefined);
+    }
+    expect(fake.instances).toBe(1);
+    expect(Ch5SharedResizeObserver.getInstance().size()).toBe(10);
+  });
+
+  it('returns a disposer that unregisters the caller', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.appendChild(el);
+    const cb = jest.fn();
+    const dispose = legacyResizeObserver(el, cb);
+    fake.fire(el);
+    expect(cb).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    dispose();
+    fake.fire(el);
+    expect(cb).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('still works for callers that ignore the disposer (back-compat)', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.appendChild(el);
+    const cb = jest.fn();
+    // Older call sites do exactly this — we just don't unregister.
+    legacyResizeObserver(el, cb);
+    fake.fire(el);
+    expect(cb).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/jest/perf/short-timeout.test.ts b/tests/jest/perf/short-timeout.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eca0dbee2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/jest/perf/short-timeout.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/**
+ * Regression guard — no setTimeout / setInterval with a sub-frame delay.
+ *
+ * BEFORE (master): src/ch5-list/ch5-list.ts:508 had `setTimeout(..., 0.5)` —
+ * almost certainly a typo for 500. A 0.5 ms delay collapses to the next
+ * macrotask, defeating the debounce and forcing a synchronous resize on
+ * every viewport-change event.
+ *
+ * AFTER (this branch): the typo is fixed, and this test prevents another
+ * one from creeping back in.
+ *
+ * Threshold: 0 < delay < 16. Reasoning:
+ *   • `setTimeout(fn, 0)` is the standard "yield to the next macrotask" idiom
+ *     and is allowed. (Browsers clamp it to ≥ 1ms anyway.)
+ *   • Anything strictly between 0 and one frame (16ms ≈ 60Hz) is almost
+ *     always a typo or a misunderstanding of how debouncing works.
+ *   • For microtask deferral inside a Promise chain, use queueMicrotask().
+ *     For next-frame work, use requestAnimationFrame().
+ *
+ * Identifier delays (e.g. `setTimeout(fn, TIMEOUT_MS)`) are NOT flagged
+ * here — those have to be checked at the value site, not the call site.
+ */
+import {
+  findCalls,
+  isCalleeNamed,
+  getNumericLiteralArg,
+  formatHits,
+} from '../_helpers/ts-call-finder';
+
+const MIN_SAFE_DELAY_MS = 16;
+const TIMER_FNS = ['setTimeout', 'setInterval'] as const;
+
+describe('Performance guard — no sub-frame setTimeout/setInterval', () => {
+  it(`flags every {setTimeout, setInterval}(..., n) where 0 < n < ${MIN_SAFE_DELAY_MS}`, () => {
+    const hits = findCalls((call) => {
+      if (!TIMER_FNS.some((n) => isCalleeNamed(call, n))) return false;
+      const delay = getNumericLiteralArg(call, 1);
+      // delay === 0 is the standard macrotask-yield idiom; allow it.
+      return delay !== undefined && delay > 0 && delay < MIN_SAFE_DELAY_MS;
+    });
+
+    if (hits.length) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Found ${hits.length} sub-frame timer call(s) (< ${MIN_SAFE_DELAY_MS}ms).\n` +
+          `Sub-frame delays defeat their own debounce and force sync work on the next tick.\n` +
+          `For microtask deferral use queueMicrotask(). For next-frame use requestAnimationFrame().\n\n` +
+          formatHits(hits),
+      );
+    }
+    expect(hits).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/jest/sanity.test.ts b/tests/jest/sanity.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b94e64e50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/jest/sanity.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/**
+ * Sanity test — confirms the Jest harness, ts-jest, and JSDOM are wired correctly.
+ * If this fails, nothing else in tests/jest/ will work.
+ */
+
+describe('Jest harness sanity', () => {
+  it('runs a basic assertion', () => {
+    expect(1 + 1).toBe(2);
+  });
+
+  it('has JSDOM available', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    el.textContent = 'hello';
+    expect(el.textContent).toBe('hello');
+  });
+
+  it('has MutationObserver available (JSDOM)', () => {
+    expect(typeof MutationObserver).toBe('function');
+  });
+
+  it('has ResizeObserver shim available (note: JSDOM does not implement it natively)', () => {
+    // JSDOM does not implement ResizeObserver. Tests that exercise it must
+    // install a fake (see tests/jest/_helpers/resize-observer-mock.ts).
+    expect(typeof (globalThis as any).ResizeObserver === 'function' || typeof (globalThis as any).ResizeObserver === 'undefined').toBe(true);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tsconfig.jest.json b/tsconfig.jest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47b60790c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tsconfig.jest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "extends": "./tsconfig.base.json",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "rootDir": ".",
+    "types": ["node", "jest"],
+    "isolatedModules": true,
+    "sourceMap": true,
+    "inlineSourceMap": false,
+    "target": "es2017",
+    "module": "commonjs"
+  },
+  "include": [
+    "src/**/*.ts",
+    "tests/jest/**/*.ts"
+  ],
+  "exclude": [
+    "node_modules",
+    "build_bundles",
+    "build_bundles_dev",
+    "compiled_bundles",
+    "dist",
+    "docs"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/tsconfig.umd.json b/tsconfig.umd.json
index 77cb98e0b..b6940dd63 100644
--- a/tsconfig.umd.json
+++ b/tsconfig.umd.json
@@ -5,5 +5,14 @@
     "outDir": "./compiled_bundles/umd",               /* Redirect output structure to the directory. */
     "declarationDir": "./compiled_bundles/umd"
   },
-  "include": ["**/*.ts"]
+  "include": ["**/*.ts"],
+  "exclude": [
+    "node_modules",
+    "build_bundles",
+    "build_bundles_dev",
+    "compiled_bundles",
+    "dist",
+    "docs",
+    "tests"
+  ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file