diff --git a/frontend/build/count-tokens.js b/frontend/build/count-tokens.js new file mode 100755 index 0000000..b7f7074 --- /dev/null +++ b/frontend/build/count-tokens.js @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +const path = require('path'); +const colors = require('colors/safe'); +const fs = require('fs'); +// relative to /frontend +const assetsDir = 'src/assets'; + +const questions = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(`${assetsDir}/cleaned_translation_questions.json`)); +// * > answers > answer +const answers = Object.values(questions).flatMap(question => question.answers).map(answers => answers.answer); +const judgments = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(`${assetsDir}/likert_scales_merged.json`)); +// * > main_question +const judgmentQuestions = Object.values(judgments).map(judgment => judgment.main_question); + +function countTokens(line) { + if (line === 'unattested') { + return 0; + } + + // only count tokens with actual characters in them + return line.split(' ').filter(t => t.replace(/[^A-Za-z]/g, '').length).length; +} + +function count(items, method) { + let result = 0; + for (const item of items) { + result += method(item); + } + return result; +} + +writeCount(count(answers, countTokens) + count(judgmentQuestions, countTokens)); + + +function writeCount(tokenCount) { + const versionFilePath = path.join(__dirname + '/../src/environments/counts.ts'); + const src = `export const tokenCount = ${tokenCount};`; + + // ensure version module pulls value from package.json + fs.writeFile(versionFilePath, src, { flat: 'w' }, function (err) { + if (err) { + return console.log(colors.red(err)); + } + + console.log(colors.green(`Token count ${colors.yellow(tokenCount)}`)); + }); +} + diff --git a/frontend/package.json b/frontend/package.json index 2b3b527..6a59625 100644 --- a/frontend/package.json +++ b/frontend/package.json @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "name": "mima", "scripts": { "start": "yarn serve", - "prebuild": "node ./build/build-pre.js && node ./build/merge-likert-scales.js", + "prebuild": "node ./build/build-pre.js && node ./build/merge-likert-scales.js && node ./build/count-tokens.js", "build": "ng build --base-href=/static/ --localize", "test": "yarn lint && ng test --watch=true", "lint": "ng lint", diff --git a/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.html b/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.html index e04648f..c3df2ad 100644 --- a/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.html +++ b/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.html @@ -1,74 +1,134 @@

Home

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+

About the MiMA Project and Database

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+

Welcome to the MiMA database website, which is a product of the Mind your Manner Adverbials! + research + project + run by linguists of Utrecht University (ILS, formerly UiL-OTS). The + research project is funded by the Dutch Research + Council (NWO).

-

About the MiMA Project and Database

-
-

Welcome to the MiMA database website, which is a product of the Mind your Manner Adverbials! research - project - run by linguists of Utrecht University (ILS, formerly UiL-OTS). The - research project is funded by the Dutch Research - Council (NWO).

+

One of the main aims of the MiMA research project is to describe and analyze the cross-linguistic + variation + in the (morpho)syntax of manner adverbials. In pursuing this, we are interested in the internal + structure of + these adverbials (including complex words, phrases and clauses), their external structure (i.e., the way + in + which they distribute in a larger sentence), and the way in which these two properties of manner + adverbials + interact with each other. Part of this project consists of the development of a database on manner + adverbials. + For this, data were collected, compiled and made available in this database.

-

One of the main aims of the research project is to map the cross-linguistic variation in the (morpho)syntax - of - manner adverbials. In pursuing this, we are interested in the internal structure (i.e., the internal make-up of - complex words and groups of words) of these adverbials, their external structure (i.e., the way in which they - distribute in the larger sentence), and the way in which these two variables interact. Part of building towards - this - goal consists of collecting the data contained in this database, and compiling and making them available in the - database.

+

As one look at the database reveals, there is a lot of variation in the way in which languages form + and + use manner adverbials. This rich variation is found in closely related languages and varieties of a + single + language (dialects). This kind of variation has not been studied on a large scale and in detail before. + The + MiMA project contributes to the study of the (morpho)syntax of manner adverbials and its + cross-linguistic + variation by systematic collection and study of data from languages/language varieties that exhibit + different + degrees of relatedness. First of all, it focuses on the Dutch, English, Frisian, German, and Swedish + languages, + which all belong to the Germanic language family. Secondly, it focuses on dialectal varieties of Dutch. +

-

As one look at the database reveals, there is a lot of variation in the way in which languages form and use - manner adverbials. This rich variation is found between unrelated, but also (closely) related languages/language - varieties, and has not been studied on a large scale and in detail before. The MiMA project contributes to the - study - of the (morpho)syntax of manner adverbials by systematic collection and study of data from languages/language - varieties that exhibit different degrees of relatedness: the Dutch dialects are very closely related - languages/language varieties, the Germanic languages are less closely related, and the non-Germanic languages - are - even further removed/unrelated. By studying the differences and similarities in the structure of the manner - adverbials, we can relate these to the differences and similarities between the languages/language varieties. - The - sample of languages/language varieties in our database allows us to do this at different levels of - fine-grainedness. -

+

By studying the differences and similarities in the structure of the manner adverbials, these can be + related + to the differences and similarities between the languages and language varieties. The sample of + languages/ + language varieties in our database allows for this to be done on a fine-grained level.

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Research Group

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-

About the Database

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-

- The database contains XXXX tokens of manner adverbials, split across XXXX types. These data primarily stem from - our questionnaire research among native speakers. By studying (dialect) reference grammars, and the broader - scientific literature, and by consulting native speakers, we first made a selection of languages/language - varieties that - are interesting for our research purposes (because of differences in word order phenomena, use of pronouns, - etc.). - Next, we made questionnaires to systematically chart the (im)possible patterns in the morphosyntax of the manner - adverbials in these languages. The Dutch dialect data were collected in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium), - in collaboration with the Meertens Panel. The results of - the questionnaires were glossed (according to the - Leipzig glossing rules) and provided with - (English) translations, and embedded in the database. -

-

- Further information on the organization of the data in the database can be found on the Instructions page of - this website. -

-

- If you have any suggestions or feedback about the data (base), please mail us at mima@uu.nl, using the subject - line MiMA database. -

-
+

About the Database

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+

+ The database contains {{tokenCount}} tokens of manner adverbials, split across XXXX types. These data + primarily + stem from the + MiMA questionnaire research among native speakers, which was conducted in the following manner. By + studying + (dialect) + reference grammars and the broader linguistic literature, and by consulting native speakers, we first + made a + selection + of languages/language varieties that proved interesting for our research purposes. Next, we made + questionnaires + to + systematically chart the possible and impossible patterns in the morphosyntax of the manner adverbials + in these + languages. The Dutch dialect data were collected in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium) in + collaboration with + the Meertens Panel. The Frisian + data were + collected in the Netherlands in collaboration with the Fryske Akademy. The rest of the Germanic data (i.e. the + English, German, and Swedish data) were collected remotely from native speakers in our professional + network. The + results of the questionnaires were glossed according to the + Leipzig glossing + rules and + provided with + (English) translations, and embedded in the database. +

+

+ Further information on the organization of the data in the database can be found on the Manual page of + this website. +

+

+ If you have any suggestions or feedback about the data (base), please mail us at mima@uu.nl, using the subject + line MiMA database. +

+ +
+ +
+
+

Research Group

+
+ +
+

Citing the Database

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+

Please use the following (or equivalent) template when referencing the database:

+

Corver, N., L. Cloin-Tavenier, M. Massaia, I. Krips, T. Wensink, S. Spoel, M. van + Stiphout (2025). + MiMA database (Mind your Manner Adverbials!). Online database, https://mima.uu.nl/, Accessed + {{date}} +

+

When citing the database, please cite the following publication as well:

+ +

+ + + + Corver, N., L. Cloin-Tavenier & M. Massaia (eds.). 2025. Mind your Manner + Adverbials! A special issue of + Languages (ISSN 2226-471X) +

+ +
+
diff --git a/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.scss b/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.scss index e69de29..7d37e06 100644 --- a/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.scss +++ b/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.scss @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +.hover-underline:hover { + text-decoration: underline; +} diff --git a/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.spec.ts b/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.spec.ts index 221be49..a796708 100644 --- a/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.spec.ts +++ b/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.spec.ts @@ -1,18 +1,21 @@ import { waitForAsync, ComponentFixture, TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing'; import { HttpClientTestingModule } from '@angular/common/http/testing'; +import { RouterTestingModule } from '@angular/router/testing'; import { HomeComponent } from './home.component'; describe('HomeComponent', () => { let component: HomeComponent; let fixture: ComponentFixture; - beforeEach(waitForAsync(() => { - TestBed.configureTestingModule({ - declarations: [ HomeComponent ], - imports: [ HttpClientTestingModule ] - }) - .compileComponents(); - })); + beforeEach(waitForAsync(() => { + TestBed.configureTestingModule({ + imports: [ + HomeComponent, + RouterTestingModule, + HttpClientTestingModule] + }) + .compileComponents(); + })); beforeEach(() => { fixture = TestBed.createComponent(HomeComponent); diff --git a/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.ts b/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.ts index fad9d86..7a02f78 100644 --- a/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.ts +++ b/frontend/src/app/home/home.component.ts @@ -1,12 +1,31 @@ +import { formatNumber } from '@angular/common'; import { Component } from '@angular/core'; -import { BackendService } from './../services/backend.service'; +import { RouterLink, RouterLinkActive } from '@angular/router'; +import { FontAwesomeModule } from '@fortawesome/angular-fontawesome'; +import { faLink } from '@fortawesome/free-solid-svg-icons'; +import { tokenCount } from '../../environments/counts'; @Component({ selector: 'mima-home', templateUrl: './home.component.html', - styleUrls: ['./home.component.scss'] + styleUrls: ['./home.component.scss'], + imports: [FontAwesomeModule, RouterLink, RouterLinkActive], + standalone: true }) export class HomeComponent { - constructor(private backend: BackendService) { } + date: string; + tokenCount = formatNumber(tokenCount, $localize`en-GB`); + faLink = faLink; + + constructor() { + const now = new Date(); + this.date = now.toLocaleString( + $localize`en-GB`, + { + year: 'numeric', + month: 'long', + day: 'numeric' + }); + } } diff --git a/frontend/src/app/services/filter.worker.ts b/frontend/src/app/services/filter.worker.ts index 4321a24..59fc608 100644 --- a/frontend/src/app/services/filter.worker.ts +++ b/frontend/src/app/services/filter.worker.ts @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import 'zone.js'; import { DoBootstrap, enableProdMode, NgModule } from "@angular/core"; import { BrowserModule } from "@angular/platform-browser"; import { platformBrowserDynamic } from "@angular/platform-browser-dynamic"; +import '@angular/localize/init'; import { environment } from '../../environments/environment'; diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/attestation.md b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/attestation.md index f8b0590..896d3af 100644 --- a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/attestation.md +++ b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/attestation.md @@ -1 +1,3 @@ -Information about attestation. +In the MiMA-database, you can search for both attested and unattested patterns of manner adverbial constructions. The unattested patterns refer to those manner adverbial constructions that are not available in a certain variety and/or for certain speakers. + +Importantly, if a manner adverbial construction is labeled as ‘unattested’ in the database, it does not mean that it is an impossible/unacceptable/ungrammatical pattern, necessarily. In fact, there could be variation among different individuals belonging to the same linguistic community and speaking the same language (variety), to the extent that one construction is not available to all speakers, but is to some. The ‘unattested’ label is used in the current database to signal that the construction in question has been judged as ungrammatical by our informants. Therefore, when searching the database, make sure to double-check whether a pattern is (un)attested across the board. diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/chapters.md b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/chapters.md index 9b0f2a9..5a052c8 100644 --- a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/chapters.md +++ b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/chapters.md @@ -1 +1,22 @@ -Information about the chapters. +When searching in the database, it is possible to filter the data and/or combine search criteria by specifying which pattern/grammatical category/syntactic property you are interested in. + +Every Manner adverbial construction in the database belongs to one or more chapter(s). The chapters identify the kind of pattern the construction belongs to, namely whether the Manner adverbial construction has the form of an adjective, a preposition, a clause, and so on. + +For example, a Manner adverbial like *net* ‘neatly’ belongs to the category (i.e. the chapter) of adjectival patterns (hence A) because net has the form of an adjective (i.e. *net* ‘neat’). Conversely, a Manner verb like *hardlopen* ‘to run/jog’ is listed under the chapter **V** as it has the form of a verb. In the following, you can find a list of all the chapters contained in the database with a short description of what each term means. + +List of chapters (in alphabetical order): +- **A – Adjective/adjectival**: a word typically serving as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing named, or to indicate its quantity or extent (a big dog, the vast ocean, the same way). + +- **Middle**: A sentence like 'This book reads easily' is called a middle construction. The middle verb (read) corresponds to a transitive verb, as in 'John reads this book'. The subject of the middle verb ('this book') corresponds to the direct object of the corresponding transitive construction ('John reads this book'). The middle construction normally requires a manner-adverbial phrase ('easily'). + +- **Miscellaneous**: A word that does not belong to any of the other listed categories/chapters + +- **N – Noun/nominal**: One of the major lexical categories. It can be combined with a determiner (e.g. *the car*; *a car*), serve as the subject of a verb (e.g. 'Cars are expensive'), be interpreted as singular or plural (*a car*; *cars*), or be replaced with a pronoun (e.g. 'I hate cars because they make a lot of noise'). A noun refers to an entity (*car*), state (*illness*), action (*destruction*), or concept (*merchandise*). + +- **P – Preposition/prepositional**: A (sometimes very small) function word that can introduce an object ('box *of* chocolates'), indicate location ('*in* London'), direction ('*to* the store'), time ('*at* noon'), manner ('*in* the same way'), and so on. + +- **Similative clause**: A similative clause is a construction that expresses comparison of similarity, specifically sameness of manner. For example: *Mary dances (in the same way) as her mother used to dance.* + +- **Simulative clause**: A simulative clause is a construction that expresses comparison of similarity; specifically, it expresses a similarity relation that might not correspond to reality, but rather be more metaphorical in nature. For instance, the simulative clause 'John dances as if he were drunk' can be uttered by the speaker even in a situation in which John is in fact not drunk. + +- **V – Verb/verbal**: A word that can describe an action (*Mary runs*), an occurrence (*the tree fell*), a state of being (*I fear spiders*), or that can be used as an auxiliary to another verb (*another year has passed*), or as a modal (*dogs can swim)*. diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/data-presentation.md b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/data-presentation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3bdc7ba --- /dev/null +++ b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/data-presentation.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +The MiMA-database consists of two main sections: the questionnaire section and the judgements section. + +The questionnaire section contains all the (attested and unattested – see below for more information regarding this) manner adverbial constructions that we were interested in for our research purposes, and that we presented to our informants in the questionnaires. Every example sentence (i.e. the so-called ‘question’) belongs to a chapter and may be associated with (sub)tags, which are outlined on the Manual page of this database. By clicking on the example sentence, you can: + - see the glosses and English translation; + - see which languages/language varieties display that particular construction; + - see which speaker(s) display that particular construction. + +The judgements section contains all the grammaticality judgements provided by the informants. Every example sentence (i.e. the ‘question’) belongs to a chapter and may be associated with (sub)tags. Furthermore, every example sentence is associated with an overall grammaticality score which can be displayed in counts or percentages. By clicking on the example sentence, you can: + - see the glosses and English translation; + - see individual scores based on the language/language variety. + +Each sentence contained in the database is glossed according to the Leipzig Glossing Rules and associated with an English translation. diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/glossary.md b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/glossary.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f669b6b --- /dev/null +++ b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/glossary.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +**General Terminology** + +*The current page contains a list of terminology used throughout the database, which may be unfamiliar to some users. This list is organized alphabetically. In case of unclarity, users may refer to this page, as well as the Manual pages Chapters, (Sub)Tags, and Search Query.* + +Adjective/adjectival: a word typically serving as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing named, or to indicate its quantity or extent (*a* ***big*** *dog*, *the* ***vast*** *ocean, the* ***same*** *way*). + +Adverb/adverbial: An adverb is a word belonging to a class of words which modify any constituent class of words other than nouns, such as verbs, adjectives, and sentences, and typically expresses manner, place, time, or direction. + +Adjunct: Adjuncts are phrases or clauses that function as modifiers within a sentence, as in *John looked at me* ***in a strange way** *and *She behaved* ***as if she knew him for a very long time***. Adjuncts are islands (see entry 'Island' for definition) for extraction, as shown by the ungrammaticality of the following examples: (i) ****What way*** *did John look at me [in* ~~*what way*~~*]?*; (ii) ****Who*** *did she behave [as if she knew* ~~*who*~~ *for a long time]*? The symbol * is a so-called asterisk; it indicates that the sentence that follows is ungrammatical. + +Aspect: A cover term for those properties of a sentence that constitute the temporal structure of the event denoted by the verb and its arguments. Aspect denotes the nature of the action of a verb as to its beginning, duration, completion, and/or repetition and without reference to its position in time. For example, in English it is possible to make a distinction between a concluded and an in-progress activity by means of the perfective (*I have gone*), and the progressive aspect (*I am going*), respectively. + +Attestation: The presence or absence of constructions in a certain variety and/or for certain speakers. Attested patterns are available to certain speakers, while unattested ones are not. + +Cleft: A cleft is a construction with the following structure: it + copular verb *be* + noun phrase + relative clause. For example: *It was my sister who helped me*. The noun phrase (*my sister*) is commonly referred to as the "clefted constituent". It typically represents new information, while the relative clause represents information that the speaker believes the hearer is familiar with (so-called presupposed information). Clefts can be used as answers to questions, as in the following mini-discourse: A: *Who helped you?* *B: It was my sister who helped me.* + +Comparative: A comparative is a construction in which two items (e.g. two persons) are compared according to some quality, as in *My sister is taller than my mother*. In this example, my sister exceeds my mother in tallness. Comparison can also regard the quality expressed by a manner-adverbial, as in *John drove faster than Sue did*. In this example, John's speed of driving exceeds Sue's speed of driving. + +Construction: A combination or arrangement of words or other linguistic elements having a grammatical or syntactical relationship to one another. + +Coordination: A type of syntactic configuration that links together two or more elements (i.e. the conjuncts) by means of coordinating conjunctions like *and*, *or*, or *but*. Typically, conjuncts belong to the same grammatical category like, e.g., two adjectives (*right or wrong*), two prepositions (*up and down*), or two clauses (*John came home yesterday but he forgot to water the plants*). + +Degree: Degree words are words with meanings like (Dutch) *erg* 'very', *vreselijk* 'extremely' and *te* 'too'. These words can modify an adjective or adverb to indicate the degree to which the property expressed by the adjective/adverb obtains. So, in *Elise is erg sterk* 'Elise is very strong' and *Jan reed erg hard* 'Jan drove very fast', the degree word *erg* indicates the degree to which the property 'strong/fast' obtains. + +Demonstrative: A word like *this* and *that*, *here* and *there*, *so* and *such* pointing out the one entity/place/manner referred to and distinguishing it from others of the same class. + +Determiner: Closed-class element that functions as grounding predication in a noun phrase. The class of determiners includes articles (the, a), as well as demonstrative (this, that, these, those), possessive (my, your, his, her, its, our, their), and interrogative (which, whose, what) determiners. + +Dialect: A variety of a language, most often defined in geographical terms. + +Diminutive: A suffix that expresses the meaning 'small (in size)'. It normally combines with a noun, as in *huis-je* (Dutch; house-DIM, 'small house'). Besides the Dutch form *-je*, the diminutive can have other formal appearances: *boom-pje* (tree-DIM, 'small tree'), *zoon-tje* (son-DIM, 'small son'), brug-*etje* (bridge-DIM, 'small bridge'), *pudding-kje* (pudding-DIM, 'small pudding'). The Dutch diminutive can also appear on manner-adverbials, as in *De auto reed zacht-je-s* (the car drove slow-DIM-s, 'The car drove slowly'). In those contexts, the diminutive must be followed by what is traditionally called an adverbial *-s*. + +Double Comparative: When an adjective phrase includes two comparative markers, it is referred to as a 'double comparative'. Adjective phrases such as *meer afhankelijker* (more dependent-er, 'more dependent') and *minder duurder* (less expensive-er, 'less expensive') exemplify this phenomenon. The use of double comparatives is most commonly linked to specific dialects or colloquial language. Besides double comparatives of the type 'MORE/LESS + A + *-er*', there are also double comparatives of the type A+ *-er* + *-er*, as in *grot-er-der* (big-er-er, 'bigger'). See also 'Comparitive' entry. + +Extraposition: An operation that places a clause or a PP to the right periphery of the sentence. In Dutch, this right-peripheral (i.e., extraposed) position of the clause/PP corresponds to a postverbal position in Dutch. An example of PP-extraposition: *Jan heeft mij* geholpen***met mijn huiswerk*** (Jan has me helped with my homework, 'Jan helped me with my homework.'). An example of extraposition of a clause: *Jan zal* doen***alsof hij ziek is*** (Jan will act as.if he ill is, 'Jan will act as if he is ill.'). + +Gap: In syntax, a gap typically identifies the place within a sentence from which an element was displaced or elided. Among the syntactic constructions that famously contain a gap are interrogative clauses, whose gap is situated where the *wh*-phrase originated (as in ***How*** *did you believe [that Bill fixed the car* ~~*how*~~*]?*), and relative clauses, whose gap identifies the place from which the relative pronoun originated (as in *You can do [****what*** *you want* ~~*what*~~*]*). + +Gloss: Provides information as to the meanings and grammatical properties of (parts of) words. All data in the database is glossed according to the Leipzig glossing rules. + +Grammatical: Conforming to the norms or conventions of grammar or other aspects of usage. Compliance with or adherence to grammatical rules. + +Grammaticality Judgment: The opinion of one or more informants on whether a certain phrase or sentence complies with their language's/variety's grammatical rules. See 'Grammatical' entry. + +Island: An 'island' is a domain within a sentence from which it is forbidden to extract material (e.g., a phrase). Islands can have different forms; for example, they can be complex NP islands, adjunct-phrases, or domains that feature a negation. Explanations of specific types of islands can be found on the (Sub)tags page of the Manual. + +Judgment: See 'Grammaticality Judgment' entry. + +Long distance movement: When a phrase is moved out of an embedded clause and moved to the beginning of a higher (e.g. main) clause, we speak of 'long distance movement'. An example of long distance movement: ***How*** *do you think [Mary opened the door* ~~*how*~~*]*? See the item 'Movement' for a more general explanation of movement as a syntactic operation. + +Manner: The way in which something occurs or is performed; a method of action; a mode of procedure. + +Modification: Qualification or limitation of the sense of one word, phrase, etc., by another or (more generally) by the syntactic context. For example, the manner adverbial *barefoot* is made up of a noun (i.e. *foot*) that is modified by the adjective *bare*. + +Movement: 'Movement' is a reordering operation. It displaces a phrase from its base position to a position elsewhere in the clause. For example, in the sentence *Mary opened the door carefully*, the manner adverbial *carefully* occupies its base position; in the sentence *Carefully, Mary opened the door* ~~*carefully*~~, the manner adverbial *carefully* has been moved to the beginning of the sentence. + +Noun/nominal: One of the major lexical categories. It can be combined with a determiner (e.g. *the car*; *a car*), serve as the subject of a verb (e.g. *Cars are expensive*), be interpreted as singular or plural (*a car; cars*), or be replaced with a pronoun (e.g. *I hate* ***cars*** *because* ***they** **make a lot of noise*). A noun refers to an entity (*car*), state (*illness*), action (*destruction*), or concept (*merchandise*). + +Numeral: A term used as a synonym of number and/or numeral expression. + +Participle: Non-finite form of a verb. Depending on the form of the participle, one can distinguish the present participle (which in English is characterized by the ending in -*ing* as in *speaking*, *playing*, etc.), and past participle (as in *spoken*, *played*, etc.). + +Positive: This term typically refers to a (gradable) adjective and indicates that it is in its bare form, with no marking of comparative and/or superlative morphology. For example, the adjective *tall* in *John is very tall* has a positive form. + +Preposition/prepositional: A (sometimes very small) function word that can introduce an object (*box* ***of*** *chocolates*), indicate location (***in*** *London*), direction (***to*** *the store*), time (***at*** *noon*), manner (***in*** *the same way*), and so on. + +Pronoun: An element like English *he, him, his, I, me, my, mine* etc. Pronouns can be used as a substitute for a noun phrase, and their referents can be understood on the basis of contextual information. + +Proper noun: A noun that designates a particular person, animal, place or thing and that is usually capitalized (like *John*, *Rembrandt*, *Fido*, *Amsterdam*,...). + +Question: An item/task provided to informants in the questionnaires used to gather the data displayed in the current database. + +Similative clause: A similative clause is a construction that expresses comparison of similarity, specifically sameness of manner. For example: *Mary dances (in the same way) as her mother used to dance*. + +Simulative clause: A simulative clause is a construction that expresses comparison of similarity; specifically, it expresses a similarity relation that might not correspond to reality, but rather be more metaphorical in nature. For instance, the simulative clause *John dances as if he were drunk* can be uttered by the speaker even in a situation in which John is in fact not drunk. + +Superlative: The form of an adjective or adverb that is used to describe an object or event that is at the upper (or lower) limit of a quality. For example, *Bill is the nicest of the three boys in the family*, and *My dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race*. In English, superlatives can be formed by adding *-est* to the adjective/adverb (*nicest/fastest*) or by putting *most* in front of the adjective/adverb: *Bill is the most incomprehensible scholar*; *John speaks the most incomprehensibly of all.* + +Syntax/syntactic: The set of rules and principles in a language according to which words, phrases, and clauses are arranged to create well-formed sentences. Also the analysis or study of such principles; the branch of grammar concerned with this. + +Topicalization: An operation that places a phrase into the clause-initial position of a main clause. The topicalized phrase functions as the topic of discourse, that is, what the ongoing discourse is about. For example, if person A asks the question *Do you happen to know where my keys are?*, person B may answer ***Your keys****, I saw lying on the table.* Topicalization can also be applied to (manner) adverbials: *Pour the sauce over the mushrooms and mix**carefully. ****This way**** you won't get**a mess!* + +Unattested: See 'Attestation' entry. + +Ungrammatical: See 'Grammatical' entry. + +Variety: A specific form of a language. See also 'Dialect' entry. + +Verb/verbal: A word that can describe an action (*Mary* ***runs***), an occurrence (*the tree* ***fell***), a state of being (*I* ***fear*** *spiders*), or that can be used as an auxiliary to another verb (*another year* ***has*** *passed*), or as a modal (*dogs* ***can*** *swim*). + +Wh: A term used to identify a constituent that is somehow characterized as a question operator (like *what* or *how*). The letters *wh*- are used because almost every question operator in English starts with these two letters (viz. *what*, *who*, *where*, *when*, *why*,..). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/judgment.md b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/judgment.md index 851836a..e188884 100644 --- a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/judgment.md +++ b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/judgment.md @@ -1 +1,13 @@ -Information about grammaticality judgments. +The term ‘grammaticality judgement’ refers to a native speaker’s judgement of the well-formedness of a sentence. By means of grammaticality judgements, it is possible to ascertain whether a certain construction/linguistic phenomenon is possible/acceptable (i.e. grammatical) or impossible/unacceptable (ungrammatical) in a given language/language variety. In order to capture different levels of grammaticality/acceptability, informants were asked to evaluate sentences on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 is the lowest score and 5 the highest, in our questionnaires. Below, you can find a short description for each score. In parentheses, you can find the official notation that is typically used to indicate different levels of grammaticality. + + +| 1 | 2| 3 | 4 | 5 | +| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | +| completely ungrammatical, sounds completely off, cannot imagine a native speaker saying this | ungrammatical, sounds a bit off | not entirely good, but not entirely off either | mostly grammatical, somewhat familiar, even if I might not use it myself | perfectly grammatical and/or familiar, could easily use it myself | + +In the database, the different scores are color-coded as follows in the visual representations of the informants’ answers: + - Red – 1 + - Orange – 2 + - Yellow – 3 + - Green – 4 + - Dark green – 5 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/languages.md b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/languages.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1e2a9e --- /dev/null +++ b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/languages.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +The MiMA-database contains data collected from a sample of Germanic languages, namely, Dutch, English, Frisian, German, and Swedish. + +Overall, the Dutch dataset is the biggest, and mostly consists of dialectal data. Specifically, the Dutch dataset contains data from Dutch regional varieties/dialects including: + - Brabantish (Belgium) + - East Flemish + - Limburgish (Belgium) + - Limburgish (Netherlands) + - Lower Saxon + - North Brabantish + - West Flemish + - Zeelandic + +The informants could specify further the variety/idiolect they spoke in the questionnaire. If more information on the language variety of a particular speaker is available, it is reported in the database. + +The English, Frisian, German, and Swedish datasets are significantly smaller in size when compared to the Dutch dataset, as the number of informants is much more limited in the current project, and, differently from the Dutch dataset, they do not contain dialectal data per se. + +When using the database, it is possible to search for patterns within the same language (variety), but also to compare different varieties by including two or more questionnaires in the search bar. For further information on database functionalities, please refer to the Search Query chapter of the Manual. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/manifest.json b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/manifest.json index 437434e..c985857 100644 --- a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/manifest.json +++ b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/manifest.json @@ -1,12 +1,21 @@ [ - { - "id": "query", - "title": "Search Query" - }, + { "id": "questionnaires", "title": "Questionnaires", "subPages": [ + { + "id": "data-presentation", + "title": "How are data presented?" + }, + { + "id": "participants", + "title": "Participants" + }, + { + "id": "languages", + "title": "Languages & Dialects" + }, { "id": "attestation", "title": "Attestation" @@ -14,11 +23,23 @@ { "id": "chapters", "title": "Chapters" + }, + { + "id": "subtags", + "title": "Subtags" } ] }, { "id": "judgment", "title": "Grammaticality Judgments" + }, + { + "id": "query", + "title": "Using the search bar" + }, + { + "id": "glossary", + "title": "Glossary of terms" } ] diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/participants.md b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/participants.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..18d0d61 --- /dev/null +++ b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/participants.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Each questionnaire was submitted to and completed by native speakers of the targeted language/language variety. + +The Dutch dialectal data were collected in collaboration with the Meertens Institute in two rounds of questionnaires. For the first round, there were a total of 165 participants (5 of the participants are native speakers of Frisian, hence their answers were grouped together in the Frisian section), whereas for the second round there were a total of 174 participants (3 of whom are Frisian). + +The Frisian data were collected in collaboration with the Fryske Akademy. The Frisian questionnaire had a total of 2 participants, to which we added the 8 aforementioned Frisian speakers who took part in the Dutch questionnaire. + +The German questionnaire had a total of 9 participants, 1 of whom was a native speaker of Austrian German. + +The English questionnaire had a total of 4 participants. 2 of them are native speakers of American English, 1 of British English, and 1 of South African English. + +Finally, the Swedish questionnaire had a total of 4 participants, who were all from the southern part of the country. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/query.md b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/query.md index 9b0049b..a1bdccc 100644 --- a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/query.md +++ b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/query.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ You can use the search bar to search through the adverbials or judgments in a corpus. By default, you will be searching through all fields, but you can also select specific fields to search through. -You can type in multiple query terms. For example, if you type in `marie schrijft`, you will search for items that contain `marie` and/or `schrijft`. By default the search will combine all terms using `OR`. This means that when you type: `Marie schrijft`, items will be found containing one or more of these terms. +You can type in multiple query terms. For example, if you type in `marie schrijft`, you will search for items that contain `marie` and/or `schrijft`. By default the search will combine all terms using `OR`. This means that when you type: `Marie schrijft`, items will be found containing `Marie` or `schrijft`. -If you want to search for fields containing both terms, search for `Marie & schrijft` where `&` is used to show that both parts should be in the field. It is also possible to search for specific phrases by surround them with `"` such as `"schrijft netjes"`. This is relevant when you don't want to match texts containing all the words but having additional words in between e.g. `schrijft het netjes`. +If you want to search for fields containing both terms, search for `Marie & schrijft` where `&` is used to show that both parts should be in the field. It is also possible to search for specific phrases by surrounding them with `"` such as `"schrijft netjes"`. diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/questionnaires.md b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/questionnaires.md index 57c3b74..b616123 100644 --- a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/questionnaires.md +++ b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/questionnaires.md @@ -1 +1,9 @@ -General information about questionnaires. +The questionnaires used to gather the data presented in this database were designed by members of the Mind your Manner Adverbials! (MiMA) project at Utrecht University. The questionnaire items and data gathered were used to chart the possible and impossible patterns of manner adverbial constructions in a specific language. + +By studying (dialect) reference grammars, and the broader linguistic literature, and by consulting native speakers, we first selected languages/language varieties that were interesting for our research purposes. Next, we made questionnaires to systematically chart the (im)possible patterns in the morphosyntax of the manner adverbials in these languages. + +To investigate the landscape of manner adverbial constructions in five different languages (i.e. Dutch, English, Frisian, German, and Swedish), a total of six questionnaires were designed and distributed (two questionnaires dedicated to Dutch microvariation, i.e. cross-dialectal variation, and one questionnaire per other language, i.e. cross-linguistic variation). + +Although some of the questions/tasks were common to all questionnaires, we included language/dialect-specific questions whenever the targeted language/dialect displayed a particular construction we wanted to investigate. Overall, the questionnaires consisted of two sections, one investigating non-clausal patterns, the other investigating clausal patterns. Each section was furthermore divided into smaller subsections dedicated to a specific clausal/non-clausal pattern, so that the informants could concentrate on a single (type of) manner adverbial construction at a time. + +We mainly included two types of questions/tasks in the questionnaires: translation tasks and grammaticality judgements. For the translation tasks, the informants were asked to translate the example sentences into their language/language variety. Importantly, the informants were asked to translate only those example sentences containing a manner adverbial construction which were available to them in their language/language-variety. For the grammaticality judgement tasks, the informants were prompted to judge the well-formedness of a given sentence. In some cases, we provided the informants with a full-fledged sentence that they could straightforwardly rate on a scale from 1 to 5 (see the section ‘grammaticality judgements’ for more information). In other cases, we provided the informants with a sentence containing a gap and a list of possible items to fill the gap and complete the sentence. The informants were then asked to provide grammaticality judgements for each version of the sentence resulting from filling the gap. diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/subtags.md b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/subtags.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..23d2298 --- /dev/null +++ b/frontend/src/assets/manual/en-GB/subtags.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +A Manner adverbial construction might be further characterized by (sub)tags in the database. The (sub)tags specify even further the properties of a certain Manner adverbial construction which might turn out to be relevant when doing linguistic research. For instance, the Dutch manner adverbials *net* ‘neatly’ and *netjes* ‘neatly’ belong to the chapter of adjectival patterns (A) and are translated in the same way in English. However, whereas *net* is the bare form of the adjective 'neat' in Dutch, *netjes* features the diminutive suffix *-jes*. For this reason, when you look for *netjes* you will see the (sub)tag ‘diminutive’ indicating that this Manner adverbial construction contains diminutive morphology. + +In the following, you can find a list of all the (sub)tags contained in the database with a short explanation for all of them. Note that chapters and (sub)tags appear without spacing and/or dashes/hyphenation in the database, but rather written as if they were a single word (wh-island > whisland, modified noun > modifiednoun). + +List of (sub)tags (in alphabetical order): + +`adjunct island`: an 'island' is a domain within a sentence from which it is forbidden to extract material (e.g., a phrase). Adjuncts are phrases or clauses that function as modifiers within a sentence, as in *John looked at me* ***in a strange way** *and *She behaved* ***as if she knew him for a very long time***. Adjuncts are islands for extraction, as shown by the ungrammaticality of the following examples: (i) ****What way*** *did John look at me [in* ~~*what way*~~*]?*; (ii) ****Who** **did she behave [as if she knew* ~~*who*~~ *for a long time]*? The symbol * is a so-called asterisk; it indicates that the sentence that follows is ungrammatical. + +`aspect`: a cover term for those properties of a sentence that constitute the temporal structure of the event denoted by the verb and its arguments. Aspect denotes the nature of the action of a verb as to its beginning, duration, completion, and/or repetition and without reference to its position in time. For example, in English it is possible to make a distinction between a concluded and an in-progress activity by means of the perfective (*I have gone*), and the progressive aspect (*I am going*), respectively. + +`cleft`: a cleft is a construction with the following structure: it + copular verb *be* + noun phrase + relative clause. For example: *It was my sister who helped me*. The noun phrase (*my sister*) is commonly referred to as the "clefted constituent". It typically represents new information, while the relative clause represents information that the speaker believes the hearer is familiar with (so-called presupposed information). Clefts can be used as answers to questions, as in the following mini-discourse: A: *Who helped you?**B: It was my sister who helped me.* + +`comparative`: a comparative is a construction in which two items (e.g. two persons) are compared according to some quality, as in *My sister is taller than my mother*. In this example, my sister exceeds my mother in tallness. Comparison can also regard the quality expressed by a manner-adverbial, as in *John drove faster than Sue did*. In this example, John's speed of driving exceeds Sue's speed of driving. + +`complex NP island:` an 'island' is a domain within a sentence from which it is forbidden to extract material (e.g., a phrase). A complex NP island is a domain that consists of a Noun Phrase (NP) in which a clause is embedded. This clause can be a complement clause of the noun, as in *Sue believed* ***the rumor that Bill had kissed his teacher passionately*** or a relative clause that modifies the noun phrase, as in *Sue hated* ***the man who Bill had spoken angrily to***. Extraction (e.g. of *how)* out of these complex NPs is not possible: ****How*** *did Sue believe* [*the rumor that Bill had kissed his teacher* ~~*how*~~~~]~~?; ****How*** *did Sue hate* [*the man who Bill had spoken* ~~*how*~~ *to*]? + +`coordination`: a type of syntactic configuration that links together two or more elements (i.e. the conjuncts) by means of coordinating conjunctions like *and*, *or*, or *but*. Typically, conjuncts belong to the same grammatical category like, e.g., two adjectives (*right or wrong*), two prepositions (*up and down*), or two clauses (*John came home yesterday but he forgot to water the plants*). + +`degree`: Degree words are words with meanings like (Dutch) *erg* 'very', *vreselijk* 'extremely' and *te* 'too'. These words can modify an adjective or adverb to indicate the degree to which the property expressed by the adjective/adverb obtains. So, in *Elise is erg sterk* 'Elise is very strong' and *Jan reed erg hard* 'Jan drove very fast', the degree word *erg* indicates the degree to which the property 'strong/fast' obtains. The degree to which a property obtains can be questioned by the degree word *hoe* 'how', as in *Hoe sterk is Elise?* 'How strong is Elise?' and *Hoe hard reed Jan?* 'How fast did Jan drive?' + +`degree of comparison`: this term typically refers to an adjective and indicates that it is not bare (e.g. *tall*), but rather marked with either comparative (e.g. *taller*) or superlative morphology (e.g. *tallest*). + +`demonstrative`: a word like *this* and *that*, *here* and *there*, *so* and *such* pointing out the one entity/place/manner referred to and distinguishing it from others of the same class. + +`diminutive`: a diminutive is a suffix that expresses the meaning 'small (in size)'. It normally combines with a noun, as in *huis-je* (house-DIM, 'small house'). Besides the form *-je*, the diminutive can have other formal appearances: *boom-pje* (tree-DIM, 'small tree'), *zoon-tje* (son-DIM, 'small son'), brug-*etje* (bridge-DIM, 'small bridge'), *pudding-kje* (pudding-DIM, 'small pudding'). The Dutch diminutive can also appear on manner-adverbials, as in *De auto reed zacht-je-s* (the car drove slow-DIM-s, 'The car drove slowly'). In those contexts, the diminutive must be followed by what is traditionally called an adverbial *-s*. + +`double comparative`: When an adjective phrase includes two comparative markers, it is referred to as a 'double comparative'. Adjective phrases such as *meer afhankelijker* (more dependent-er, 'more dependent') and *minder duurder* (less expensive-er, 'less expensive') exemplify this phenomenon. The use of double comparatives is most commonly linked to specific dialects or colloquial language. Besides double comparatives of the type 'MORE/LESS + A + *-er*', there are also double comparatives of the type A+ *-er* + *-er*, as in *grot-er-der* (big-er-er, 'bigger'). + +`enough`:this (sub)tag indicates that the example sentence contains the word 'enough'. Dutch degree words typically precede the adjective they modify, as in: *erg sterk* 'very strong', *vreselijk sterk* 'extremely strong' and *voldoende sterk* 'sufficiently strong'. The degree word *genoeg* 'enough' is an exception to this rule: it can't precede the adjective but must follow it. In other words, it displays an inverted word order: 'adjective + degree word'. So, we say in Dutch *Jan is sterk genoeg* (Jan is strong enough), and not **Jan is genoeg sterk*. This inverted word order is also found with manner adverbials: *Jan reed zacht genoeg* 'Jan drove slowly enough', hence the importance to mention the presence of such a word in a sentence featuring a manner adverbial construction. + +`extraposition`: extraposition is an operation that places a clause or a PP to the right periphery of the sentence. In Dutch, this right-peripheral (i.e., extraposed) position of the clause/PP corresponds to a postverbal position in Dutch. An example of PP-extraposition: *Jan heeft mij* geholpen***met mijn huiswerk*** (Jan has me helped with my homework, 'Jan helped me with my homework.'). An example of extraposition of a clause: *Jan zal* doen***alsof hij ziek is*** (Jan will act as.if he ill is, 'Jan will act as if he is ill.'). + +`fronted *so*`: this (sub)tag indicates that the manner demonstrative *so* is not found in its 'canonical' base position, but rather in a position at the beginning of the clause, as in: *Zo heeft Jan gedanst* (so has Jan danced, 'Jan danced this way.'). + +`gap`: this (sub)tag identifies a sentence used as a test for presence/absence of a gap. In syntax, a gap typically identifies the place within a sentence from which an element was displaced or elided. Among the syntactic constructions that famously contain a gap are interrogative clauses, whose gap is situated where the *wh*-phrase originated (as in ***How*** *did you believe [that Bill fixed the car* ~~*how*~~*]?*), and relative clauses, whose gap identifies the place from which the relative pronoun originated (as in *You can do [****what*** *you want* ~~*what*~~*]*). + +`inner island`: an 'island' is a domain within a sentence from which it is forbidden to extract certain material. An inner island is a domain that consists of a negative word (e.g., English *not/n't*, Dutch *niet*) and the verbal phrase that follows. For example, in *John didn't fix the car this way*, the inner island is formed by the sequence *n't fix the car this way*. It is impossible to extract the manner-adverbial question word *how* out of this inner island and move it to the beginning of the clause: **How did****n't John fix the car** *~~***how***~~*?* Importantly, only adjuncts (e.g. *how*) are sensitive to the inner island constraint. Arguments (e.g., the direct object *what*) can be moved out of an inner island: *What did****n't John fix** *~~***what***~~* **in an adequate way****?* + +`island`: an 'island' is a domain within a sentence from which it is forbidden to extract material (e.g., a phrase). Islands can have different forms; for example, it can be a complex NP (see the complex NP island), an adjunct-phrase (see the adjunct island) or a domain that features a negation (see 'inner island'). + +`long distance movement`: 'Movement' is a reordering operation. It displaces a phrase from its base position to a position elsewhere in the clause. For example, in the sentence *Mary opened the door carefully*, the manner adverbial *carefully* occupies its base position; in the sentence *Carefully, Mary opened the door* ~~*carefully*~~, the manner adverbial *carefully* has been moved to the beginning of the sentence. When a phrase is moved out of an embedded clause and moved to the beginning of a higher (e.g. main) clause, we speak of 'long distance movement'. An example of long distance movement: ***How*** *do you think [Mary opened the door* ~~*how*~~*]*? + +`manner verb`: a verb that describes the manner in which something is carried out. An example of a manner verb in English is *whisper* (that is, to speak *softly*). An example of a Dutch manner verb is *hardlopen* 'to jog/run' (that is, to walk *fast*). + +`modified noun`: this (sub)tag indicates that the noun contained in a manner adverbial construction is modified by something. For example, the manner adverbial *barefoot* is made up of a noun (i.e. *foot*) that is modified by the adjective *bare*. + +`modifying noun`: this (sub)tag indicates that the manner adverbial construction is modifying a noun phrase. Example: the sentence *A sound like someone trying not to make a sound* consists of a similative clause (i.e. *like someone trying not to make a sound*) which is modifying the noun phrase *a sound*. + +`numeral`: term used as a synonym to number and/or numeral expression. + +`participle`: non-finite form of a verb. Depending on the form of the participle, one can distinguish the present participle (which in English is characterized by the ending in -*ing* as in *speaking*, *playing*, etc.), and past participle (as in *spoken*, *played*, etc.). + +`positive`: this term typically refers to a (gradable) adjective and indicates that it is in its bare form, with no marking of comparative and/or superlative morphology. For example, the adjective *tall* in *John is very tall* has a positive form. + +`possible`: this (sub)tag indicates that the example sentence contains the word 'possible'. Similarly to the degree word 'enough', the word 'possible' is associated with a specific word order when it is part of an adjective phrase. It typically follows the adjective, as in *(John spoke) in the* ***clearest possible*** *way* (English) and *(Jan sprak) zo* ***hard mogelijk*** (Jan spoke so loud possible, 'Jan spoke as loudly as possible' (Dutch). + +`postmodal`: this (sub)tag indicates that the manner adverbial occurs after modal verbs such as *can*, *must*, *may*, etc. + +`postposition`: this (sub)tag indicates that the adposition contained in the manner-adverbial phrase follows all the elements of that phrase and hence constitutes the final element. Example: Dutch *hard-op* 'aloud' contains the preposition *op* 'on' which is found at the end of the manner-adverbial expression. + +`postverbal`: this (sub)tag indicates that the manner adverbial occurs after the (lexical) verb. + +`premodal`: this (sub)tag indicates that the manner adverbial occurs before modal verbs such as *can*, *must*, *may*, etc. + +`preposition`: this (sub)tag indicates that the preposition contained in a phrase precedes all the elements of such a phrase and hence is the first element of the constituent. Example: Dutch *op harde toon* 'in a loud tone of voice' contains the preposition *op* 'on' which is found at the beginning of the constituent. + +`preverbal`: this (sub)tag indicates that the manner adverbial occurs before the (lexical) verb. + +`pronoun`: an element like English *he, him, his, I, me, my, mine* etc. They can be used as a substitute for a noun phrase, and their referents can be understood on the basis of contextual information. + +`proper noun`: a noun that designates a particular person, animal, place or thing and that is usually capitalized (like *John*, *Rembrandt*, *Fido*, *Amsterdam*,...). + +`superlative`: the form of an adjective or adverb that is used to describe an object or event that is at the upper (or lower) limit of a quality. For example, *Bill is the nicest of the three boys in the family*, and *My dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race*. In English, superlatives can be formed by adding *-est* to the adjective/adverb (*nicest/fastest*) or by putting *most* in front of the adjective/adverb: *Bill is the most incomprehensible scholar*; *John speaks the most incomprehensibly of all.* + +`topicalization`: topicalization is an operation that places a phrase into the clause-initial position of a main clause. The topicalized phrase functions as the topic of discourse, that is, what the ongoing discourse is about. For example, if person A asks the question *Do you happen to know where my keys are?*, person B may answer ***Your keys****, I saw lying on the table.* Topicalization can also be applied to (manner) adverbials: *Pour the sauce over the mushrooms and mix**carefully. ****This way**** you won't get**a mess!* + +`wh`: term used to identify a constituent that is somehow characterized as a question operator (like *what* or *how*). The letters *wh*- are used because almost every question operator in English starts with these two letters (viz. *what*, *who*, *where*, *when*, *why*,..). + +`wh-island`: an 'island' is a domain within a sentence from which it is forbidden to extract material (e.g., a phrase). A wh-island is created by an embedded clause that is introduced by awh-phrase (e.g., *who*, *what*, *where*, *when*, *how, which man, whose father*, etc.). The following sentences show that it is impossible to extract material out of a wh-island: (i) ****What*** *did you wonder [****how*** *Bill fixed* ~~*what*~~~~*how*~~*]?*; (ii) ****How*** *did you wonder [****what*** *Bill fixed* ~~*what*~~~~*how*~~*]?* The wh-words in strike-through indicate the base positions of the wh-words. Notice that extraction out of the embedded clause is possible if we have a declarative embedded clause instead of an interrogative one: (i) ***What*** *did you believe [that Bill fixed* ~~*what*~~ *in a good way]?*; (ii) ***How*** *did you believe [that Bill fixed the car* ~~*how*~~*]?* \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/frontend/src/environments/counts.ts b/frontend/src/environments/counts.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000..085b8ab --- /dev/null +++ b/frontend/src/environments/counts.ts @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +export const tokenCount = 67435; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/frontend/yarn.lock b/frontend/yarn.lock index 933f6ea..77bab19 100644 --- a/frontend/yarn.lock +++ b/frontend/yarn.lock @@ -699,6 +699,11 @@ resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-string-parser/-/helper-string-parser-7.23.4.tgz#9478c707febcbbe1ddb38a3d91a2e054ae622d83" integrity sha512-803gmbQdqwdf4olxrX4AJyFBV/RTr3rSmOj0rKwesmzlfhYNDEs+/iOcznzpNWlJlIlTJC2QfPFcHB6DlzdVLQ== +"@babel/helper-string-parser@^7.27.1": + version "7.27.1" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-string-parser/-/helper-string-parser-7.27.1.tgz#54da796097ab19ce67ed9f88b47bb2ec49367687" + integrity sha512-qMlSxKbpRlAridDExk92nSobyDdpPijUq2DW6oDnUqd0iOGxmQjyqhMIihI9+zv4LPyZdRje2cavWPbCbWm3eA== + "@babel/helper-validator-identifier@^7.18.6", "@babel/helper-validator-identifier@^7.19.1": version "7.19.1" resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-validator-identifier/-/helper-validator-identifier-7.19.1.tgz#7eea834cf32901ffdc1a7ee555e2f9c27e249ca2" @@ -709,6 +714,11 @@ resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-validator-identifier/-/helper-validator-identifier-7.22.20.tgz#c4ae002c61d2879e724581d96665583dbc1dc0e0" integrity sha512-Y4OZ+ytlatR8AI+8KZfKuL5urKp7qey08ha31L8b3BwewJAoJamTzyvxPR/5D+KkdJCGPq/+8TukHBlY10FX9A== +"@babel/helper-validator-identifier@^7.27.1": + version "7.27.1" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-validator-identifier/-/helper-validator-identifier-7.27.1.tgz#a7054dcc145a967dd4dc8fee845a57c1316c9df8" + integrity sha512-D2hP9eA+Sqx1kBZgzxZh0y1trbuU+JoDkiEwqhQ36nodYqJwyEIhPSdMNd7lOm/4io72luTPWH20Yda0xOuUow== + "@babel/helper-validator-option@^7.21.0": version "7.21.0" resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-validator-option/-/helper-validator-option-7.21.0.tgz#8224c7e13ace4bafdc4004da2cf064ef42673180" @@ -764,16 +774,23 @@ chalk "^2.4.2" js-tokens "^4.0.0" -"@babel/parser@^7.1.0", "@babel/parser@^7.22.15", "@babel/parser@^7.23.0", "@babel/parser@^7.23.6": - version "7.23.6" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/parser/-/parser-7.23.6.tgz#ba1c9e512bda72a47e285ae42aff9d2a635a9e3b" - integrity sha512-Z2uID7YJ7oNvAI20O9X0bblw7Qqs8Q2hFy0R9tAfnfLkp5MW0UH9eUvnDSnFwKZ0AvgS1ucqR4KzvVHgnke1VQ== +"@babel/parser@^7.1.0": + version "7.28.4" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/parser/-/parser-7.28.4.tgz#da25d4643532890932cc03f7705fe19637e03fa8" + integrity sha512-yZbBqeM6TkpP9du/I2pUZnJsRMGGvOuIrhjzC1AwHwW+6he4mni6Bp/m8ijn0iOuZuPI2BfkCoSRunpyjnrQKg== + dependencies: + "@babel/types" "^7.28.4" "@babel/parser@^7.14.7", "@babel/parser@^7.20.7", "@babel/parser@^7.21.4": version "7.21.4" resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/parser/-/parser-7.21.4.tgz#94003fdfc520bbe2875d4ae557b43ddb6d880f17" integrity sha512-alVJj7k7zIxqBZ7BTRhz0IqJFxW1VJbm6N8JbcYhQ186df9ZBPbZBmWSqAMXwHGsCJdYks7z/voa3ibiS5bCIw== +"@babel/parser@^7.22.15", "@babel/parser@^7.23.0", "@babel/parser@^7.23.6": + version "7.23.6" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/parser/-/parser-7.23.6.tgz#ba1c9e512bda72a47e285ae42aff9d2a635a9e3b" + integrity sha512-Z2uID7YJ7oNvAI20O9X0bblw7Qqs8Q2hFy0R9tAfnfLkp5MW0UH9eUvnDSnFwKZ0AvgS1ucqR4KzvVHgnke1VQ== + "@babel/plugin-bugfix-safari-id-destructuring-collision-in-function-expression@^7.23.3": version "7.23.3" resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/plugin-bugfix-safari-id-destructuring-collision-in-function-expression/-/plugin-bugfix-safari-id-destructuring-collision-in-function-expression-7.23.3.tgz#5cd1c87ba9380d0afb78469292c954fee5d2411a" @@ -1494,14 +1511,13 @@ debug "^4.3.1" globals "^11.1.0" -"@babel/types@^7.0.0", "@babel/types@^7.22.15", "@babel/types@^7.22.19", "@babel/types@^7.22.5", "@babel/types@^7.23.0", "@babel/types@^7.23.6": - 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version "7.6.8" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/babel__generator/-/babel__generator-7.6.8.tgz#f836c61f48b1346e7d2b0d93c6dacc5b9535d3ab" - integrity sha512-ASsj+tpEDsEiFr1arWrlN6V3mdfjRMZt6LtK/Vp/kreFLnr5QH5+DhvD5nINYZXzwJvXeGq+05iUXcAzVrqWtw== + version "7.27.0" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/babel__generator/-/babel__generator-7.27.0.tgz#b5819294c51179957afaec341442f9341e4108a9" + integrity sha512-ufFd2Xi92OAVPYsy+P4n7/U7e68fex0+Ee8gSG9KX7eo084CWiQ4sdxktvdl0bOPupXtVJPY19zk6EwWqUQ8lg== dependencies: "@babel/types" "^7.0.0" @@ -2195,11 +2220,11 @@ "@babel/types" "^7.0.0" "@types/babel__traverse@*": - version "7.20.5" - resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/babel__traverse/-/babel__traverse-7.20.5.tgz#7b7502be0aa80cc4ef22978846b983edaafcd4dd" - integrity sha512-WXCyOcRtH37HAUkpXhUduaxdm82b4GSlyTqajXviN4EfiuPgNYR109xMCKvpl6zPIpua0DGlMEDCq+g8EdoheQ== + version "7.28.0" + resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/babel__traverse/-/babel__traverse-7.28.0.tgz#07d713d6cce0d265c9849db0cbe62d3f61f36f74" + integrity sha512-8PvcXf70gTDZBgt9ptxJ8elBeBjcLOAcOtoO/mPJjtji1+CdGbHgm77om1GrsPxsiE+uXIpNSK64UYaIwQXd4Q== dependencies: - "@babel/types" "^7.20.7" + "@babel/types" "^7.28.2" "@types/body-parser@*": version "1.19.2"